Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. Reports Third Quarter 2023 Financial Results

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Nov 06, 2023, 16:15 ET

ATLANTA, Nov. 6, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (NYSE: IVR) (the "Company") today announced financial results for the quarter ended September 30, 2023.

Net loss per common share of $1.62 compared to $0.03 in Q2 2023
Earnings available for distribution per common share⁽¹⁾ of $1.51 compared to $1.45 in Q2 2023
Common stock dividend of $0.40 per common share, unchanged from Q2 2023
Book value per common share⁽²⁾ of $9.93 compared to $11.98 as of June 30, 2023
Economic return⁽³⁾ of (13.8)% compared to (1.8)% in Q2 2023

Update from John Anzalone, Chief Executive Officer

"The third quarter presented another challenging environment for Agency RMBS as financial markets adjusted to shifting expectations for fiscal and monetary policy, leading to sharply higher interest rates and escalating interest rate volatility. Against this backdrop, our Agency RMBS assets underperformed, contributing to a 17.1% decline in our book value per common share for the third quarter. The decline in book value, when combined with our $0.40 common stock dividend, resulted in an economic return of (13.8)% for the quarter.

"Our debt-to-equity ratio ended the third quarter at 6.4x, up from 5.9x as of June 30^th. As of the end of the quarter, substantially all of our $5.4 billion investment portfolio was invested in Agency RMBS, and we maintained a sizeable balance of unrestricted cash and unencumbered investments totaling $392 million.

"Earnings available for distribution for the period continued to benefit from attractive interest income on our target assets, favorable funding and low-cost, pay-fixed swaps. Subsequent to quarter end, we responded to elevated interest rate volatility and further pressure on Agency RMBS valuations by actively reducing the size of our portfolio, negatively impacting our current earnings power. As of November 3, 2023, our book value per common share is estimated to be between $9.07 and $9.45.⁽⁴⁾

"We remain cautious on the near-term outlook for the sector given the uncertain path of fiscal and monetary policy and heightened geopolitical risks. However, the potential reduction in interest rate volatility associated with the eventual normalization of monetary policy should be supportive of our target assets, and we continue to believe Agency RMBS investors with long term horizons stand to benefit from historically attractive valuations."

(1) Earnings available for distribution (and by calculation, earnings available for distribution per common share) is a non-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") financial measure. Refer to the section entitled "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for important disclosures and a reconciliation to the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure.

(2) Book value per common share as of September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023 is calculated as total stockholders' equity less the liquidation preference of the Company's Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock ($111.6 million and $192.0 million as of September 30, 2023, respectively, and $112.5 million and $194.3 million as of June 30, 2023, respectively), divided by total common shares outstanding.

(3) Economic return for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 is defined as the change in book value per common share from June 30, 2023 to September 30, 2023 of ($2.05); plus dividends declared of $0.40 per common share; divided by the June 30, 2023 book value per common share of $11.98. Economic return for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 is defined as the change in book value per common share from March 31, 2023 to June 30, 2023 of ($0.63); plus dividends declared of $0.40 per common share; divided by the March 31, 2023 book value per common share of $12.61.

(4) Book value per common share as of November 3, 2023 is adjusted to exclude a pro rata portion of the current quarter's common stock dividend (which for purposes of this calculation is assumed to be the same as the previous quarter) and is calculated as total stockholders' equity less the liquidation preference of the Company's Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock ($110.8 million and $190.6 million as of November 3, 2023, respectively), divided by total common shares outstanding of 48.5 million.

Key performance indicators for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023 are summarized in the table below.

($ in millions, except share amounts)	Q3 2023	Q2 2023	Variance
Average Balances	(unaudited)	(unaudited)
Average earning assets (at amortized cost)	$5,498.3	$5,285.8	$212.5
Average borrowings	$4,902.4	$4,791.7	$110.7
Average stockholders' equity ⁽¹⁾	$832.0	$833.5	($1.5)

U.S. GAAP Financial Measures
Total interest income	$75.1	$71.4	$3.7
Total interest expense	$65.7	$59.0	$6.7
Net interest income	$9.4	$12.4	($3.0)
Total expenses	$4.8	$5.1	($0.3)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	($74.0)	($1.4)	($72.6)

Average earning asset yields	5.47 %	5.41 %	0.06 %
Average cost of funds	5.36 %	4.93 %	0.43 %
Average net interest rate margin	0.11 %	0.48 %	(0.37) %

Period-end weighted average asset yields ⁽²⁾	5.23 %	5.24 %	(0.01) %
Period-end weighted average cost of funds	5.43 %	5.21 %	0.22 %
Period-end weighted average net interest rate margin	(0.20 %)	0.03 %	(0.23) %

Book value per common share ⁽³⁾	$9.93	$11.98	($2.05)
Earnings (loss) per common share (basic)	($1.62)	($0.03)	($1.59)
Earnings (loss) per common share (diluted)	($1.62)	($0.03)	($1.59)
Debt-to-equity ratio	6.4x	5.9x	0.5x

Non-GAAP Financial Measures ⁽⁴⁾
Earnings available for distribution	$69.2	$61.5	$7.7
Effective interest expense	($4.6)	($1.2)	($3.4)
Effective net interest income	$79.7	$72.6	$7.1

Effective cost of funds	(0.37) %	(0.10) %	(0.27) %
Effective interest rate margin	5.84 %	5.51 %	0.33 %

Earnings available for distribution per common share	$1.51	$1.45	$0.06
Economic debt-to-equity ratio	6.4x	5.9x	0.5x

(1) Average stockholders' equity is calculated based on the weighted month-end balance of total stockholders' equity excluding equity attributable to preferred stockholders.

(2) Period-end weighted average asset yields are based on amortized cost as of period-end and incorporate future prepayment and loss assumptions when appropriate.

(3) Book value per common share is calculated as total stockholders' equity less the liquidation preference of the Company's Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock ($111.6 million and $192.0 million as of September 30, 2023, respectively, and $112.5 million and $194.3 million as of June 30, 2023, respectively), divided by total common shares outstanding.

(4) Earnings available for distribution (and by calculation, earnings available for distribution per common share), effective interest expense (and by calculation, effective cost of funds), effective net interest income (and by calculation, effective interest rate margin), and economic debt-to-equity ratio are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to the section entitled "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for important disclosures and a reconciliation to the most comparable U.S. GAAP measures of net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders (and by calculation, basic earnings (loss) per common share), total interest expense (and by calculation, cost of funds), net interest income (and by calculation, net interest rate margin) and debt-to-equity ratio.

Portfolio Composition

The following table summarizes the Company's MBS portfolio as of September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023.

		As of
		September 30, 2023			June 30, 2023
$ in thousands		Fair Value	Percentage of Portfolio	Period-end Weighted Average Yield	Fair Value	Percentage of Portfolio	Period-end Weighted Average Yield
30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS coupon:
	4.0 %	1,218,869	22.4 %	4.64 %	871,876	15.8 %	4.54 %
	4.5 %	1,313,632	24.1 %	4.97 %	1,400,379	25.4 %	4.93 %
	5.0 %	1,424,615	26.2 %	5.32 %	1,588,177	28.9 %	5.27 %
	5.5 %	1,374,853	25.3 %	5.59 %	1,523,565	27.7 %	5.55 %
Total 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS		5,331,969	98.0 %	5.15 %	5,383,997	97.8 %	5.14 %
Agency-CMO		78,007	1.4 %	9.67 %	78,477	1.4 %	9.60 %
Non-Agency CMBS		25,987	0.5 %	8.72 %	36,730	0.7 %	8.52 %
Non-Agency RMBS		7,965	0.1 %	8.56 %	8,256	0.1 %	8.41 %
	Total MBS portfolio	5,443,928	100.0 %	5.23 %	5,507,460	100.0 %	5.24 %

The following table presents certain characteristics of the Company's borrowings as of September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023.

As of

$ in thousands

September 30, 2023

June 30, 2023

Amount
Outstanding

Weighted
Average
Interest Rate

Weighted
Average
Remaining
Maturity (days)

Amount
Outstanding

Weighted
Average
Interest Rate

Weighted
Average
Remaining
Maturity (days)

Agency RMBS repurchase agreements

4,987,006

5.43 %

4,959,388

5.21 %

The tables below present certain characteristics of the Company's interest rate swaps whereby the Company pays interest at a fixed rate and receives floating interest based on the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") as of September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023. The tables exclude interest rate swaps with forward start dates.

$ in thousands	As of September 30, 2023
Maturities	Notional Amount	Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate	Weighted Average Floating Receive Rate	Weighted Average Years to Maturity
Less than 3 years	950,000	0.32 %	5.31 %	2.1
3 to 5 years	1,975,000	0.35 %	5.31 %	4.2
5 to 7 years	1,175,000	0.46 %	5.31 %	6.6
7 to 10 years	750,000	1.10 %	5.31 %	7.5
Greater than 10 years	1,050,000	2.18 %	5.31 %	20.6
Total	5,900,000	0.79 %	5.31 %	7.7


$ in thousands	As of June 30, 2023
Maturities	Notional Amount	Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate	Weighted Average Floating Receive Rate	Weighted Average Years to Maturity
Less than 3 years	2,050,000	0.18 %	5.09 %	1.9
3 to 5 years	1,475,000	0.27 %	5.09 %	4.2
5 to 7 years	850,000	0.38 %	5.09 %	5.7
7 to 10 years	1,425,000	0.55 %	5.09 %	7.3
Greater than 10 years	500,000	1.92 %	5.09 %	18.7
Total	6,300,000	0.45 %	5.09 %	5.5

The tables below present certain characteristics of the Company's interest rate swaps whereby the Company pays floating interest based on SOFR and receives interest at a fixed rate as of September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023. The tables exclude interest rate swaps with forward start dates.

$ in thousands	As of September 30, 2023
Maturities	Notional Amount	Weighted Average Floating Pay Rate	Weighted Average Fixed Receive Rate	Weighted Average Years to Maturity
Less than 3 years	900,000	5.31 %	5.44 %	0.5
3 to 5 years	50,000	5.31 %	2.78 %	3.6
Total	950,000	5.31 %	5.30 %	0.7


$ in thousands	As of June 30, 2023
Maturities	Notional Amount	Weighted Average Floating Pay Rate	Weighted Average Fixed Receive Rate	Weighted Average Years to Maturity
3 to 5 years	375,000	5.09 %	2.66 %	4.6
5 to 7 years	825,000	5.09 %	2.68 %	6.0
7 to 10 years	100,000	5.09 %	2.74 %	8.9
Greater than 10 years	275,000	5.09 %	2.72 %	29.0
Total	1,575,000	5.09 %	2.69 %	9.9

Capital Activities

Dividends

As previously announced on September 26, 2023, the Company declared a common stock dividend of $0.40 per share paid on October 27, 2023 to its stockholders of record as of October 9, 2023. The Company declared the following dividends on November 2, 2023: a Series B Preferred Stock dividend of $0.4844 per share and a Series C Preferred Stock dividend of $0.46875 per share payable on December 27, 2023 to its stockholders of record on December 5, 2023.

Issuances of Common Stock

The Company sold 3.9 million shares of common stock for net proceeds of $42.3 million during the third quarter through its at-the-market program.

Repurchases of Preferred Stock

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company repurchased and retired 34,432 shares of Series B Preferred Stock and 92,563 shares of Series C Preferred Stock, respectively, for a total cost of $2.7 million.

Portfolio Update as of October 31, 2023

Total investment portfolio of $3.6 billion, substantially all of which is Agency RMBS
Unrestricted cash and unencumbered investments totaling approximately $444 million
Mortgage-backed securities had a weighted average yield of 5.29% based on amortized cost and repurchase agreement borrowings had a weighted average interest rate of 5.45%
99% of $3.1 billion repurchase agreement borrowings hedged with a net $3.1 billion notional of pay fixed/receive floating interest rate swaps
- $3.9 billion pay fixed/receive floating interest rate swaps with a weighted average life of 8.6 years and a weighted average fixed pay rate of 0.76%
- $850 million of receive fixed/pay floating interest rate swaps with a weighted average life of 0.4 years and a weighted average fixed receive rate of 5.44%
Debt-to-equity ratio estimated to be 4.3x

About Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.

Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. is a real estate investment trust that primarily focuses on investing in, financing and managing mortgage-backed securities and other mortgage-related assets. Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. is externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc., a registered investment adviser and an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd., a leading independent global investment management firm.

Earnings Call

Members of the investment community and the general public are invited to listen to the Company's earnings conference call on Tuesday, November 7, 2023, at 9:00 a.m. ET, by calling one of the following numbers:

North America Toll Free: 888-982-7409
International: 1-212-287-1625
Passcode: Invesco

An audio replay will be available until 5:00 pm ET on November 21, 2023 by calling:

866-407-9273 (North America) or 1-203-369-0618 (International)

The presentation slides that will be reviewed during the call will be available on the Company's website at www.invescomortgagecapital.com.

Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This press release, the related presentation and comments made in the associated conference call, may include statements and information that constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the U.S. securities laws as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and such statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provided by the same. Forward-looking statements include our views on the risk positioning of our portfolio, domestic and global market conditions (including the Agency RMBS and residential and commercial real estate market), the market for our target assets, our financial performance, including our earnings available for distribution, economic return, comprehensive income and changes in our book value, our intention and ability to pay dividends, our ability to continue performance trends, the stability of portfolio yields, interest rates, credit spreads, prepayment trends, financing sources, cost of funds, our leverage and equity allocation. In addition, words such as "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "plans," "estimates," "projects," "forecasts," and future or conditional verbs such as "will," "may," "could," "should," and "would" as well as any other statement that necessarily depends on future events, are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees, and they involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. There can be no assurance that actual results will not differ materially from our expectations. We caution investors not to rely unduly on any forward-looking statements and urge you to carefully consider the risks identified under the captions "Risk Factors," "Forward-Looking Statements" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our annual report on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, which are available on the Securities and Exchange Commission's website at www.sec.gov.

All written or oral forward-looking statements that we make, or that are attributable to us, are expressly qualified by this cautionary notice. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update the information in any public disclosure if any forward-looking statement later turns out to be inaccurate.

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
$ in thousands, except share data	September 30, 2023	June 30, 2023	September 30, 2022	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2022
Interest income
Mortgage-backed and other securities	75,132	71,428	49,058	215,847	134,689
Commercial loan	—	—	670	—	1,768
Total interest income	75,132	71,428	49,728	215,847	136,457
Interest expense
Repurchase agreements	65,701	59,022	18,008	174,449	19,359
Total interest expense	65,701	59,022	18,008	174,449	19,359
Net interest income	9,431	12,406	31,720	41,398	117,098

Other income (loss)
Gain (loss) on investments, net	(224,897)	(99,679)	(260,837)	(272,620)	(1,090,101)
(Increase) decrease in provision for credit losses	(43)	(169)	—	(212)	—
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	2	—	(6)	4	(287)
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	151,689	96,624	133,549	203,418	554,151
Other investment income (loss), net	—	27	—	(66)	44
Total other income (loss)	(73,249)	(3,197)	(127,294)	(69,476)	(536,193)
Expenses
Management fee – related party	3,090	3,168	3,836	9,237	13,729
General and administrative	1,691	1,963	2,018	5,743	6,561
Total expenses	4,781	5,131	5,854	14,980	20,290
Net income (loss)	(68,599)	4,078	(101,428)	(43,058)	(439,385)
Dividends to preferred stockholders	(5,772)	(5,840)	(5,862)	(17,474)	(22,356)
Gain on repurchase and retirement of preferred stock	347	364	12,688	711	14,179
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	(74,024)	(1,398)	(94,602)	(59,821)	(447,562)
Earnings (loss) per share:
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
Basic	(1.62)	(0.03)	(2.78)	(1.40)	(13.42)
Diluted	(1.62)	(0.03)	(2.78)	(1.40)	(13.42)

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
$ in thousands	September 30, 2023	June 30, 2023	September 30, 2022	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2022
Net income (loss)	(68,599)	4,078	(101,428)	(43,058)	(439,385)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed securities, net	(91)	(131)	(1,243)	(698)	(5,489)
Reclassification of unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities to (increase) decrease in provision for credit losses	43	169	—	212	—
Reclassification of amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense	(1,810)	(3,201)	(4,855)	(9,505)	(14,853)
Currency translation adjustments on investment in unconsolidated venture	—	—	(141)	(10)	(434)
Reclassification of currency translation loss on investment in unconsolidated venture to other investment income (loss), net	—	—	—	123	—
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,858)	(3,163)	(6,239)	(9,878)	(20,776)
Comprehensive income (loss)	(70,457)	915	(107,667)	(52,936)	(460,161)
Dividends to preferred stockholders	(5,772)	(5,840)	(5,862)	(17,474)	(22,356)
Gain on repurchase and retirement of preferred stock	347	364	12,688	711	14,179
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	(75,882)	(4,561)	(100,841)	(69,699)	(468,338)

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)

	As of
$ in thousands, except share amounts	September 30, 2023	December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Mortgage-backed securities, at fair value (including pledged securities of $5,226,133 and $4,439,583, respectively; net of allowance for credit losses of $212 and $0, respectively)	5,443,928	4,791,893
Cash and cash equivalents	173,921	175,535
Restricted cash	185,824	103,246
Due from counterparties	—	1,584
Investment related receivable	25,608	22,744
Derivative assets, at fair value	—	662
Other assets	2,062	1,731
Total assets	5,831,343	5,097,395
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	4,987,006	4,234,823
Derivative liabilities, at fair value	7,637	2,079
Dividends payable	19,384	25,162
Accrued interest payable	26,751	20,546
Collateral held payable	—	4,892
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	1,838	1,365
Due to affiliate	3,702	4,453
Total liabilities	5,046,318	4,293,320
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 14) ⁽¹⁾
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized:
7.75% Fixed-to-Floating Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock: 4,465,414 and 4,537,634 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($111,635 and $113,441 aggregate liquidation preference, respectively)	107,934	109,679
7.50% Fixed-to-Floating Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock: 7,681,211 and 7,816,470 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($192,030 and $195,412 aggregate liquidation preference, respectively)	185,757	189,028
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share; 67,000,000 shares authorized; 48,460,626 and 38,710,916 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	484	387
Additional paid in capital	4,011,005	3,901,562
Accumulated other comprehensive income	883	10,761
Retained earnings (distributions in excess of earnings)	(3,521,038)	(3,407,342)
Total stockholders' equity	785,025	804,075
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	5,831,343	5,097,395


(1)	See Note 14 of the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements filed in Item 1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The table below shows the non-GAAP financial measures the Company uses to analyze its operating results and the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures. The Company believes these non-GAAP measures are useful to investors in assessing its performance as discussed further below.

Non-GAAP Financial Measure		Most Directly Comparable U.S. GAAP Measure
Earnings available for distribution (and by calculation, earnings available for distribution per common share)		Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders (and by calculation, basic earnings (loss) per common share)
Effective interest expense (and by calculation, effective cost of funds)		Total interest expense (and by calculation, cost of funds)
Effective net interest income (and by calculation, effective interest rate margin)		Net interest income (and by calculation, net interest rate margin)
Economic debt-to-equity ratio		Debt-to-equity ratio

The non-GAAP financial measures used by the Company's management should be analyzed in conjunction with U.S. GAAP financial measures and should not be considered substitutes for U.S. GAAP financial measures. In addition, the non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures of its peer companies.

Earnings Available for Distribution

The Company's business objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to its stockholders, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. The Company uses earnings available for distribution as a measure of its investment portfolio's ability to generate income for distribution to common stockholders and to evaluate its progress toward meeting this objective. The Company calculates earnings available for distribution as U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders adjusted for (gain) loss on investments, net; realized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net; unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net; TBA dollar roll income; gain on repurchase and retirement of preferred stock; foreign currency gains (losses), net and amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps.

By excluding the gains and losses discussed above, the Company believes the presentation of earnings available for distribution provides a consistent measure of operating performance that investors can use to evaluate its results over multiple reporting periods and, to a certain extent, compare to its peer companies. However, because not all of the Company's peer companies use identical operating performance measures, the Company's presentation of earnings available for distribution may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures used by its peer companies. The Company excludes the impact of gains and losses when calculating earnings available for distribution because (i) when analyzed in conjunction with its U.S. GAAP results, earnings available for distribution provides additional detail of its investment portfolio's earnings capacity and (ii) gains and losses are not accounted for consistently under U.S. GAAP. Under U.S. GAAP, certain gains and losses are reflected in net income whereas other gains and losses are reflected in other comprehensive income. For example, a portion of the Company's mortgage-backed securities are classified as available-for-sale securities, and changes in the valuation of these securities are recorded in other comprehensive income on its condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company elected the fair value option for its mortgage-backed securities purchased on or after September 1, 2016, and changes in the valuation of these securities are recorded in other income (loss) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. In addition, certain gains and losses represent one-time events. The Company may add and has added additional reconciling items to its earnings available for distribution calculation as appropriate.

To maintain qualification as a REIT, U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that the Company distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income annually, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. The Company has historically distributed at least 100% of its REIT taxable income. Because the Company views earnings available for distribution as a consistent measure of its investment portfolio's ability to generate income for distribution to common stockholders, earnings available for distribution is one metric, but not the exclusive metric, that the Company's board of directors uses to determine the amount, if any, and the payment date of dividends on common stock. However, earnings available for distribution should not be considered as an indication of the Company's taxable income, a guaranty of its ability to pay dividends or as a proxy for the amount of dividends it may pay, as earnings available for distribution excludes certain items that impact its cash needs.

Earnings available for distribution is an incomplete measure of the Company's financial performance and there are other factors that impact the achievement of the Company's business objective. The Company cautions that earnings available for distribution should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP) or as an indication of the Company's cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP), a measure of the Company's liquidity or as an indication of amounts available to fund its cash needs.

The table below provides a reconciliation of U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders to earnings available for distribution for the following periods:

	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
$ in thousands, except per share data	September 30, 2023	June 30, 2023	September 30, 2022	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2022
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	(74,024)	(1,398)	(94,602)	(59,821)	(447,562)
Adjustments:
(Gain) loss on investments, net	224,897	99,679	260,837	272,620	1,090,101
Realized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net ⁽¹⁾	(84,565)	(26,946)	(62,877)	(19,611)	(487,538)
Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net ⁽¹⁾	5,002	(6,241)	(40,527)	6,220	(21,618)
TBA dollar roll income⁽²⁾	—	—	2,159	697	27,415
Gain on repurchase and retirement of preferred stock	(347)	(364)	(12,688)	(711)	(14,179)
Foreign currency (gains) losses, net ⁽³⁾	—	(27)	—	66	(44)
Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps ⁽⁴⁾	(1,810)	(3,201)	(4,855)	(9,505)	(14,853)
Subtotal	143,177	62,900	142,049	249,776	579,284
Earnings available for distribution	69,153	61,502	47,447	189,955	131,722
Basic income (loss) per common share	(1.62)	(0.03)	(2.78)	(1.40)	(13.42)
Earnings available for distribution per common share ⁽⁵⁾	1.51	1.45	1.39	4.46	3.95


(1)	U.S. GAAP gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations includes the following components:

	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
$ in thousands	September 30, 2023	June 30, 2023	September 30, 2022	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2022
Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	84,565	26,946	62,877	19,611	487,538
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	(5,002)	6,241	40,527	(6,220)	21,618
Contractual net interest income (expense) on interest rate swaps	72,126	63,437	30,145	190,027	44,995
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	151,689	96,624	133,549	203,418	554,151


(2)	A TBA dollar roll is a series of derivative transactions where TBAs with the same specified issuer, term and coupon but different settlement dates are simultaneously bought and sold. The TBA settling in the later month typically prices at a discount to the TBA settling in the earlier month. TBA dollar roll income represents the price differential between the TBA price for current month settlement versus the TBA price for forward month settlement. The Company includes TBA dollar roll income in earnings available for distribution because it is the economic equivalent of interest income on the underlying Agency RMBS, less an implied financing cost, over the forward settlement period. TBA dollar roll income is a component of gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.

(3)	Foreign currency gains (losses), net includes foreign currency transaction gains and losses and the reclassification of currency translation adjustments that were previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and is included in other investment income (loss), net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

(4)	U.S. GAAP repurchase agreements interest expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations includes the following components:

	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
$ in thousands	September 30, 2023	June 30, 2023	September 30, 2022	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2022
Interest expense on repurchase agreement borrowings	67,511	62,223	22,863	183,954	34,212
Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps	(1,810)	(3,201)	(4,855)	(9,505)	(14,853)
Repurchase agreements interest expense	65,701	59,022	18,008	174,449	19,359


(5)	Earnings available for distribution per common share is equal to earnings available for distribution divided by the basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding.

The table below shows the components of earnings available for distribution for the following periods:

	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
$ in thousands	September 30, 2023	June 30, 2023	September 30, 2022	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2022
Effective net interest income ⁽¹⁾	79,747	72,642	57,010	221,920	147,240
TBA dollar roll income	—	—	2,159	697	27,415
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	2	—	(6)	4	(287)
(Increase) decrease in provision for credit losses	(43)	(169)	—	(212)	—
Total expenses	(4,781)	(5,131)	(5,854)	(14,980)	(20,290)
Subtotal	74,925	67,342	53,309	207,429	154,078
Dividends to preferred stockholders	(5,772)	(5,840)	(5,862)	(17,474)	(22,356)
Earnings available for distribution	69,153	61,502	47,447	189,955	131,722


(1)	See below for a reconciliation of net interest income to effective net interest income, a non-GAAP measure.

Effective Interest Expense/Effective Cost of Funds/Effective Net Interest Income/Effective Interest Rate Margin

The Company calculates effective interest expense (and by calculation, effective cost of funds) as U.S. GAAP total interest expense adjusted for contractual net interest income (expense) on its interest rate swaps that is recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net and the amortization of net deferred gains (losses) on de-designated interest rate swaps that is recorded as repurchase agreements interest expense. The Company views its interest rate swaps as an economic hedge against increases in future market interest rates on its borrowings. The Company adds back the net payments or receipts on its interest rate swap agreements to its total U.S. GAAP interest expense because the Company uses interest rate swaps to add stability to interest expense. The Company excludes the amortization of net deferred gains (losses) on de-designated interest rate swaps from its calculation of effective interest expense because the Company does not consider the amortization a current component of its borrowing costs.

The Company calculates effective net interest income (and by calculation, effective interest rate margin) as U.S. GAAP net interest income adjusted for contractual net interest income (expense) on its interest rate swaps that is recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net and amortization of net deferred gains (losses) on de-designated interest rate swaps that is recorded as repurchase agreements interest expense.

The Company believes the presentation of effective interest expense, effective cost of funds, effective net interest income and effective interest rate margin measures, when considered together with U.S. GAAP financial measures, provides information that is useful to investors in understanding the Company's borrowing costs and operating performance.

The following table reconciles total interest expense to effective interest expense and cost of funds to effective cost of funds for the following periods:

	Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
$ in thousands	Reconciliation	Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds	Reconciliation	Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds	Reconciliation	Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds
Total interest expense	65,701	5.36 %	59,022	4.93 %	18,008	1.84 %
Add: Amortization of net deferred gain (loss) on de-designated interest rate swaps	1,810	0.15 %	3,201	0.27 %	4,855	0.50 %
Less: Contractual net interest expense (income) on interest rate swaps recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	(72,126)	(5.88) %	(63,437)	(5.30) %	(30,145)	(3.09) %
Effective interest expense	(4,615)	(0.37) %	(1,214)	(0.10) %	(7,282)	(0.75) %

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
$ in thousands	Reconciliation	Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds	Reconciliation	Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds
Total interest expense	174,449	4.83 %	19,359	0.55 %
Add: Amortization of net deferred gain (loss) on de-designated interest rate swaps	9,505	0.26 %	14,853	0.42 %
Less: Contractual net interest expense (income) on interest rate swaps recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	(190,027)	(5.27) %	(44,995)	(1.27) %
Effective interest expense	(6,073)	(0.18) %	(10,783)	(0.30) %

The following table reconciles net interest income to effective net interest income and net interest rate margin to effective interest rate margin for the following periods:

	Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
$ in thousands	Reconciliation	Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin	Reconciliation	Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin	Reconciliation	Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin
Net interest income	9,431	0.11 %	12,406	0.48 %	31,720	2.51 %
Less: Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps	(1,810)	(0.15) %	(3,201)	(0.27) %	(4,855)	(0.50) %
Add: Contractual net interest income (expense) on interest rate swaps recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	72,126	5.88 %	63,437	5.30 %	30,145	3.09 %
Effective net interest income	79,747	5.84 %	72,642	5.51 %	57,010	5.10 %

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
$ in thousands	Reconciliation	Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin	Reconciliation	Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin
Net interest income	41,398	0.56 %	117,098	2.82 %
Less: Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps	(9,505)	(0.26) %	(14,853)	(0.42) %
Add: Contractual net interest income (expense) on interest rate swaps recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	190,027	5.27 %	44,995	1.27 %
Effective net interest income	221,920	5.57 %	147,240	3.67 %

Economic Debt-to-Equity Ratio

The following tables show the allocation of the Company's stockholders' equity to its target assets, the Company's debt-to-equity ratio, and the Company's economic debt-to-equity ratio as of September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023. The Company's debt-to-equity ratio is calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and is the ratio of total debt to total stockholders' equity.

The Company presents an economic debt-to-equity ratio, a non-GAAP financial measure of leverage that considers the impact of the off-balance sheet financing of its investments in TBAs that are accounted for as derivative instruments under U.S. GAAP. The Company includes its TBAs at implied cost basis in its measure of leverage because a forward contract to acquire Agency RMBS in the TBA market carries similar risks to Agency RMBS purchased in the cash market and funded with on-balance sheet liabilities. Similarly, a contract for the forward sale of Agency RMBS has substantially the same effect as selling the underlying Agency RMBS and reducing the Company's on-balance sheet funding commitments. The Company believes that presenting its economic debt-to-equity ratio, when considered together with its U.S. GAAP financial measure of debt-to-equity ratio, provides information that is useful to investors in understanding how management evaluates at-risk leverage and gives investors a comparable statistic to those of other mortgage REITs who also invest in TBAs and present a similar non-GAAP measure of leverage.

As of September 30, 2023

$ in thousands	Agency RMBS	Credit Portfolio⁽¹⁾	Total
Mortgage-backed securities	5,409,976	33,952	5,443,928
Cash and cash equivalents ⁽²⁾	173,921	—	173,921
Restricted cash ⁽³⁾	185,824	—	185,824
Other assets	25,500	2,170	27,670
Total assets	5,795,221	36,122	5,831,343

Repurchase agreements	4,987,006	—	4,987,006
Derivative liabilities, at fair value ⁽³⁾	7,637	—	7,637
Other liabilities	49,848	1,827	51,675
Total liabilities	5,044,491	1,827	5,046,318

Total stockholders' equity (allocated)	750,730	34,295	785,025
Debt-to-equity ratio ⁽⁴⁾	6.6	—	6.4
Economic debt-to-equity ratio ⁽⁵⁾	6.6	—	6.4


(1)	Investments in non-Agency CMBS, non-Agency RMBS and an unconsolidated joint venture are included in credit portfolio.
(2)	Cash and cash equivalents is allocated based on the Company's financing strategy for each asset class.
(3)	Restricted cash and derivative assets and liabilities are allocated based on the hedging strategy for each asset class.
(4)	Debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total repurchase agreements to total stockholders' equity.
(5)	Economic debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total repurchase agreements and TBAs at implied cost basis to total stockholders' equity. The Company did not have any TBAs outstanding as of September 30, 2023.

As of June 30, 2023

$ in thousands	Agency RMBS	Credit Portfolio ⁽¹⁾	Total
Mortgage-backed securities	5,462,474	44,986	5,507,460
Cash and cash equivalents ⁽²⁾	209,036	—	209,036
Restricted cash ⁽³⁾	124,669	—	124,669
Other assets	24,298	766	25,064
Total assets	5,820,477	45,752	5,866,229

Repurchase agreements	4,959,388	—	4,959,388
Derivative liabilities, at fair value ⁽³⁾	2,635	—	2,635
Other liabilities	61,484	1,838	63,322
Total liabilities	5,023,507	1,838	5,025,345

Total stockholders' equity (allocated)	796,970	43,914	840,884
Debt-to-equity ratio ⁽⁴⁾	6.2	—	5.9
Economic debt-to-equity ratio ⁽⁵⁾	6.2	—	5.9


(1)	Investments in non-Agency CMBS, non-Agency RMBS and an unconsolidated joint venture are included in credit portfolio.
(2)	Cash and cash equivalents is allocated based on the Company's financing strategy for each asset class.
(3)	Restricted cash and derivative assets and liabilities are allocated based on the hedging strategy for each asset class.
(4)	Debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total repurchase agreements to total stockholders' equity.
(5)	Economic debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total repurchase agreements and TBAs at implied cost basis. The Company did not have any TBAs outstanding as of June 30, 2023.

Average Balances

The table below presents information related to the Company's average earning assets, average earning asset yields, average borrowings and average cost of funds for the following periods:

	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
$ in thousands	September 30, 2023	June 30, 2023	September 30, 2022	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2022
Average earning assets⁽¹⁾	5,498,298	5,285,794	4,568,855	5,344,055	5,403,538
Average earning asset yields ⁽²⁾	5.47 %	5.41 %	4.35 %	5.39 %	3.37 %

Average borrowings ⁽³⁾	4,902,400	4,791,720	3,907,724	4,811,136	4,720,478
Average cost of funds⁽⁴⁾	5.36 %	4.93 %	1.84 %	4.83 %	0.55 %


(1)	Average balances for each period are based on weighted month-end balances.
(2)	Average earning asset yields for each period are calculated by dividing interest income, including amortization of premiums and discounts, by average earning assets based on the amortized cost of the investments. All yields are annualized.
(3)	Average borrowings for each period are based on weighted month-end balances.
(4)	Average cost of funds is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense, including amortization of net deferred gain (loss) on de-designated interest rate swaps, by average borrowings.