Reportlinker Adds Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies

NEW YORK, Sept. 7 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:

Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies

http://www.reportlinker.com/p0203537/Cell-Therapy---Technologies-Markets-and-Companies.html

Summary

This report describes and evaluates cell therapy technologies and methods, which have already started to play an important role in the practice of medicine. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is replacing the old fashioned bone marrow transplants. Role of cells in drug discovery is also described. Cell therapy is bound to become a part of medical practice.

Stem cells are discussed in detail in one chapter. Some light is thrown on the current controversy of embryonic sources of stem cells and comparison with adult sources. Other sources of stem cells such as the placenta, cord blood and fat removed by liposuction are also discussed. Stem cells can also be genetically modified prior to transplantation.

Cell therapy technologies overlap with those of gene therapy, cancer vaccines, drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Pharmaceutical applications of stem cells including those in drug discovery are also described. Various types of cells used, methods of preparation and culture, encapsulation and genetic engineering of cells are discussed. Sources of cells, both human and animal (xenotransplantation) are discussed. Methods of delivery of cell therapy range from injections to surgical implantation using special devices.

Cell therapy has applications in a large number of disorders. The most important are diseases of the nervous system and cancer which are the topics for separate chapters. Other applications include cardiac disorders (myocardial infarction and heart failure), diabetes mellitus, diseases of bones and joints, genetic disorders, and wounds of the skin and soft tissues.

Regulatory and ethical issues involving cell therapy are important and are discussed. Current political debate on the use of stem cells from embryonic sources (hESCs) is also presented. Safety is an essential consideration of any new therapy and regulations for cell therapy are those for biological preparations.

The cell-based markets was analyzed for 2009, and projected to 2019. The markets are analyzed according to therapeutic categories, technologies and geographical areas. The largest expansion will be in diseases of the central nervous system, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Skin and soft tissue repair as well as diabetes mellitus will be other major markets.

The number of companies involved in cell therapy has increased remarkably during the past few years. More than 500 companies have been identified to be involved in cell therapy and 266 of these are profiled in part II of the report along with tabulation of 252 alliances. Of these companies, 150 are involved in stem cells. Profiles of 68 academic institutions in the US involved in cell therapy are also included in part II along with their commercial collaborations. The text is supplemented with 49 Tables and 11 Figures. The bibliography contains 1,000 selected references, which are cited in the text.

0. Executive Summary 21

1. Introduction to Cell Therapy 25

Introduction 25

Historical landmarks of cell therapy 25

Interrelationship of cell therapy technologies 27

Cells and organ transplantation 27

Cells and protein/gene therapy 28

Cell therapy and regenerative medicine 29

Cells therapy and tissue engineering 29

Therapy based on cells involved in disease 30

Advantages of therapeutic use of cells 30

Use of cells for improving drug delivery 31

2. Cell Therapy Technologies 33

Introduction 33

Cell types used for therapy 33

Sources of cells 33

Xenografts 34

Cell lines 34

Immortalized cells 34

Blood component therapy 34

Therapeutic apheresis 34

Leukoreduction 35

Platelet therapy 35

Basic technologies for cell therapy 36

Cell culture 36

Observation of stem cell growth and viability 36

Companies involved in cell culture 37

Cell sorting 38

Flow cytometry 38

A dielectrophoretic system for cell separation 39

Molecular beacons for specific detection and isolation of stem cells 39

Multitarget magnetic activated cell sorter 40

Nanocytometry 40

Companies supplying cell sorters 40

Dynabead technology for cell sorting 41

ALDESORTER system for isolation of stem cells 41

Adult stem cell sorting by identification of surface markers 42

Cell analysis 42

Preservation of cells 43

Innovations in cryopreservation 43

Packaging of cells 43

Selective expansion of T cells for immunotherapy 44

Cloning and cell therapy 44

Techniques for cell manipulation 45

Cell-based drug discovery 45

Cells as vehicles for drug delivery 48

RBCs as drug delivery vehicles 48

Drug delivery systems for cell therapy 48

Intravenous delivery of stem cells 48

Pharmacologically active microcarriers 49

Devices for delivery of cell therapy 49

Artificial cells 50

Applications of artificial cells 50

Cell encapsulation 51

Diffusion capsule for cells 51

Encapsulated cell biodelivery 52

Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells 52

Nitric oxide delivery by encapsulated cells 53

Implantation of microencapulated genetically modified cells 54

Ferrofluid microcapsules for tracking with MRI 54

Companies involved in encapsulated cell technology 55

Electroporation 55

Gene therapy 56

Cell-mediated gene therapy 56

Fibroblasts 56

Chondrocyte 57

Skeletal muscle cells 57

Vascular smooth muscle cells 58

Keratinocytes 58

Hepatocytes 59

Lymphocytes 59

Mammalian artificial chromosomes 59

In vivo tracking of cells 59

Molecular imaging for tracking cells 60

MRI technologies for tracking cells 60

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents 61

Visualization of gene expression in vivo by MRI 61

Role of nanobiotechnology in development of cell therapy 61

Cell transplantation for development of organs 62

Cells transplantation and tolerance 62

Strategies to improve tolerance of transplanted cells 63

Encapsulation to prevent immune rejection 63

Prevention of rejection of xenotransplants 63

Expansion of allospecific regulatory T cells 64

Removal and replacement of pathogenic cells of the body 64

Therapeutic leukocytapheresis 64

3. Stem Cells 65

Introduction 65

Biology of stem cells 66

Embryonic stem cells 66

Growth and differentiation of ESCs 66

Mechanisms of differentiation of ESCs 67

Chemical regulation of stem cell differentiation 67

In vitro differentiation of hESCs 67

SIRT1 regulation during stem cell differentiation 67

Regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation 68

hESCs for reprogramming human somatic nuclei 68

Stem cells differentiation in the pituitary gland 68

Influence of microenvironment on ESCs 69

Role of genes in differentiation of ESCs 69

Global transcription in pluripotent ESCs 69

Role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in stem cell differentiation 70

Role of Pax3 gene in stem cell differentiation 70

Signaling pathways and ESC genes 70

Epigenetics of hESCs 71

Chromatin as gene regulator for ESC development 71

Comparison of development of human and mouse ESCs 72

Mechanism of regulation of stem cells for regeneration of body tissues 72

Role of microenvironments in the regulation of stem cells 73

Regulation and regeneration of intestinal stem cells 73

Parthenogenesis and human stem cells 73

Uniparental ESCs 74

Bone marrow stem cells 75

Hematopoietic stem cells 75

Role of HSCs in the immune system 77

Derivation of HSCs from ESCs 77

Mesenchymal stem cells 77

Multipotent adult progenitor cells 79

Side population (SP) stem cells 79

Differentiation of adult stem cells 79

Growth and differentiation of HSCs 81

Signaling pathways in the growth and differentiation of HSCs 81

Mathematical modeling of differentiation of HSCs 81

Role of prions in self renewal of HSCs 82

Sources of stem cells 82

Sources of human embryonic stem cells 82

Nuclear transfer to obtain hESCs 82

Direct derivation of hESCs from embryos without nuclear transfer 83

Alternative methods of obtaining hESCs 84

Establishing hESC lines without destruction of embryo 84

Altered nuclear transfer 85

Small embryonic-like stem cells 85

Advantages and disadvantages of ESCs for transplantation 85

Use of ESC cultures as an alternative source of tissue for transplantation 86

Spermatogonial stem cells 87

Amniotic fluid as a source of stem cells 88

Generation of iPS cells from AF cells 88

Placenta as source of stem cells 89

Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells 89

Placenta as a source of HSCs 89

Umbilical cord as a source of MSCs 90

Umbilical cord blood as source of neonatal stem cells 90

Cryopreservation of UCB stem cells 91

UCB as source of MSCs 91

Applications of UCB 91

Advantages of UCB 92

Limitations of the use of UCB 92

Licensing and patent disputes involving UCB 94

Infections following UCB transplants 94

Unanswered questions about UCB transplantation 94

Companies involved in UCB banking 95

UCB banking in the UK 96

US national UCB banking system 97

Future prospects of UCB as a source of stem cells 97

Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human somatic cells 98

Characteristics of iPSCs 98

DNA methylation patterns of iPS cells 99

iPSCs derived from skin 99

iPSCs derived from blood 99

Use of retroviral vectors for generation of iPSCs 100

Use of non-integrating viral vectors for generation of iPSCs 101

Clinical relevance of iPSCs 101

Sources of adult human stem cells 102

Adipose tissue as a source of stem cells 103

Transforming adult adipose stem cells into other cells 103

iPSCs derived from adult human adipose stem cells 104

Skin as a source of stem cells 104

Controlling the maturation of embryonic skin stem cells 104

Epidermal neural crest stem cells 104

Follicle stem cells 105

Mesenchymal stem cells in skin 105

Regulation of stem cells in hair follicles 106

Skin-derived precursor cells 106

Stem cells in teeth 106

Peripheral blood stem cells 107

Spleen as a source of adult stem cells 108

Search for master stem cells 108

Vascular cell platform to self-renew adult HSC 108

Adult stem cells vs embryonic stem cells 109

Biological differences between adult and embryonic stem cells 109

Neural crest stem cells from adult hair follicles 109

Transdifferentiation potential of adult stem cells 110

Limitations of adult stem cells 111

Comparison of human stem cells according to derivation 111

VENT cells 112

Stem cell banking 112

Stem cell technologies 112

Analysis of stem cell growth and differentiation 112

Tracking self-renewal and expansion of transplanted muscle stem cells 113

Stem cell biomarkers 113

Endoglin as a functional biomarker of HSCs 113

STEMPRO EZChek for analysis of biomarkers of hESCs 114

SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSCs 114

p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cells 114

Neural stem cell biomarker 114

Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cells 115

Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarkers 115

Study of stem cell pathways 115

Study of stem cell genes 116

Gene inactivation to study hESCs 116

RNAi to study gene inactivation in hESCs 116

Study of ESC development by inducible RNAi 117

Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes 117

Homologous recombination of ESCs 118

Immortalization of hESCs by telomerase 118

Gene modification in genomes of hESCs and hiPSCs using zinc-finger nuclease 119

miRNA and stem cells 119

Role of miRNAs in gene regulation during stem cell differentiation 119

Influence of miRNA on stem cell formation and maintenance 120

Transcriptional regulators of ESCs control miRNA gene expression 120

Stem cells and cloning 120

Cell nuclear replacement and cloning 121

Nuclear transfer and ESCs 121

Cloning from differentiated cells 122

Cloning mice from adult stem cells 123

Creating interspecies stem cells 123

Cloned cells for transplantation medicine 124

Claims of cloning of hESCs 124

Cytogenetics of embryonic stem cells 125

Engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cells 126

Adipogenesis induced by adipose tissue-derived stem cells 127

Antisense approach for preservation and expansion of stem cells 127

Biomatrials for ESC growth 128

Chemoattraction of neuronal stem cells through GABA receptor 128

Enhancement of HSC engraftment by calcium-sensing receptor 128

Enhancement of stem cell differentiation by Homspera 128

Ex vivo expansion of human HSCs in culture 129

Ex vivo expansion of MSCs 130

Expansion of HSCs in culture by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase 130

Expansion of adult stem cells by activation of Oct4 130

Expansion of transduced HSCs in vivo 131

Mobilization of HSCs by growth factors 131

Mobilization of stem cells by cytokines/chemokines 131

Mobilization of adult human HSCs by use of inhibitors 132

Mobilization of stem cells by HYC750 133

Mobilization of stem cells by hyperbaric oxygen 133

Mobilization by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors 133

Selective mobilization of progenitor cells from bone marrow 134

Selective Amplification 134

Stem cell mobilization by acetylcholine receptor agonists 134

Use of parathyroid hormone to increase HSC mobilzation 135

Expansion of stem cells in vivo by Notch receptor ligands 135

Technologies for inducing differentiation of stem cells 135

Use of lineage selection to induce differentiation of hESCs 135

Growth factor-induced differentiation of MAPCs 136

Neurotrophin-mediated survival and differentiation of hESCs 136

Generation of RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells 136

Generation of multiple types of WBCs from hESCs and iPSCs 137

Use of RNAi to expand the plasticity of autologous adult stem cells 137

Use of carbohydrate molecules to induce differentiation of stem cells 137

Mechanical strain to induce MSC differentiation 137

Limitations of the currently available stem cell lines in the US 138

Contaminating material in stem cell culture and measures to eliminate it 138

Stem cell separation 140

Stem cell culture 140

Conversion of stem cells to functioning adipocytes 141

Mass production of ESCs 141

Promoting survival of dissociated hESCs 141

Analysis and characterization of stem cells 142

Havesting and identification of EPCs 142

Labeling of stem cells 142

Quantum dots for labeling stem cells 143

Imaging and tracking of stem cells in vivo 143

Quantum dot imaging for ESCs 143

Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo 143

Project for imaging in stem cell therapy research 144

Applications of stem cells 144

Commercial development and applications of adult stem cells 145

Retrodifferentiation of stem cells 145

MultiStem 145

Controlling the maintenance process of hematopoietic stem cells 145

Self renewal and proliferation of HSCs 145

Aging and rejuvenation of HSCs 146

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation 146

Complications of PBSC transplantation in children 146

Stem cell transplantation for radiation sickness 147

Stem cells and human reproduction 147

Expansion of spermatogonial stem cells 147

Conversion of ESCs into spermatogonial stem cells 147

Conversion of stem cells to oocytes 148

ESCs for treatment of infertility in women 148

Cloning human embryos from oocytes matured in the laboratory 149

In utero stem cell transplantation 149

Innovations in delivery of stem cells 150

Immunological aspects of hESC transplantation 151

Immunosuppression to prevent rejection of hESC transplants 151

Histocompatibility of hESCs 151

Strategies for promoting immune tolerance of hESCs 152

Stem cells for organ vascularization 152

Activation of EphB4 to enhance angiogenesis by EPCs 153

Advantages and limitations of clinical applications of MSCs 153

Biofusion by genetically engineering stem cells 154

Stem cell gene therapy 154

Combination of gene therapy with nuclear transfer 154

Gene delivery to stem cells by artificial chromosome expression 154

Genetic manipulation of ESCs 155

Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhancing angiogenesis 155

HSCs for gene therapy 155

Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for gene transfer in ESCs 156

Lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer to stem cells 156

Linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer technology 157

Mesenchymal stem cells for gene therapy 157

Microporation for transfection of MSCs 157

Regulation of gene expression for SC-based gene therapy 158

Stem cells and in utero gene therapy 158

Therapeutic applications for hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer 158

The future of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy 159

Stem cell pharmaceutics 159

Cardiomyocytes derived from hESCs 159

Engineered stem cells for drug delivery to the brain 160

ESCs as source of models for drug discovery 160

Hepatocytes derived from hESCs 161

Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cells 161

Role of stem cells in therapeutic effects of drugs 163

Stem cells for drug discovery 163

Stem cell activation for regeneration by using glucocortoids 164

Toxicology and drug safety studies using ESCs 165

Future challenges for stem cell technologies 167

Study of the molecular mechanism of cell differentiation 167

MBD3-deficient ESC line 168

In vivo study of human hemopoietic stem cells 168

Stem cell biology and cancer 168

Research into plasticity of stem cells from adults 169

Stem cells and aging 169

Activation of bone marrow stem cells into therapeutic cells 170

Role of nitric oxide in stem cell mobilization and differentiation 170

Stem cell genes 171

Gene expression in hESCs 171

The casanova gene in zebrafish 172

Nanog gene 172

Stem cell proteomics 173

hESC phosphoproteome 174

Proteomic studies of mesenchymal stem cells 174

Proteomic profiling of neural stem cells 174

Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative 175

Genomic alterations in cultured hESCs 175

Hybrid embryos/cybrids for stem cell research 175

Generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells 176

Markers for characterizing hESC lines 177

Switch of stem-cell function from activators to repressors 177

Stem cell research at academic centers 178

International Regulome Consortium 179

Companies involved in stem cell technologies 179

Concluding remarks about stem cells 184

Challenges and future prospects of stem cell research 184

4. Clinical Applications of Cell Therapy 187

Introduction 187

Cell therapy for hematological disorders 187

Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells 187

Hemophilias 187

Ex vivo cell/gene therapy of hemophilia B 187

Cell/gene therapy of hemophilia A 188

Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for thrombocytopenia 189

Stem cell transplant for sickle cell anemia 189

Treatment of chronic acquired anemias 190

Implantation of genetically engineered HSCs to deliver rhEpo 190

Drugs acting on stem cells for treatment of anemia 190

Stem cell therapy of hemoglobinopathies 191

Stem cells for treatment of immunoglobulin-light chain amyloidosis 191

Future prospects of cell therapy of hematological disorders 191

Cell therapy for immunological disorders 192

Role of dendritic cells in the immune system 192

Modifying immune responses of DCs by vaccination with lipiodol-siRNA mixtures 192

Stem cell therapy of chronic granulomatous disease 193

Stem cell therapy of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency 193

Stem cell therapy of autoimmune disorders 194

Treatment of Crohn's disease with stem cells 194

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with stem cells 194

Stem cell transplants for scleroderma 195

Role of T-Cells in immunological disorders 195

Autologous T-cells from adult stem cells 196

Cell therapy for graft vs host disease 196

Cell therapy for viral infections 197

T-cell therapy for CMV 197

T-cell therapy for HIV infection 198

T-cell immunity by Overlapping Peptide-pulsed Autologous Cells 198

Anti-HIV ribozyme delivered in hematopoietic progenitor cells 199

Dendritic-cell targeted DNA vaccine for HIV 199

Cell therapy of lysosomal storage diseases 199

Niemann-Pick disease 200

Gaucher's disease 200

Fabry's disease 201

Cell therapy for diabetes mellitus 201

Limitations of current treatment 202

Limitations of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus 202

Limitations of pancreatic transplantation 202

Islet cell transplantation 203

Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation in chronic pancreatitis 203

Clinical trials of pancreatic islet cell transplants for diabetes 203

Drawbacks of islet cell therapy 204

Use of an antioxidant peptide to improve islet cell transplantation 204

Cdk-6 and cyclin D1 enhance human beta cell replication and function 205

A device for delivery of therapeutic cells in diabetes 205

Monitoring of islet cell transplants with MRI 205

Concluding remarks about allogeneic islet transplantation for diabetes 206

Encapsulation of insulin producing cells 206

Encapsulated porcine pancreatic islet cells for pancreas 206

Encapsulated insulinoma cells 207

Magnetocapsule enables imaging/tracking of islet cell transplants 207

Islet precursor cells 208

Dedifferentiation of cells to promote regeneration 208

Xenotransplantation of embryonic pancreatic tissue 209

Non-pancreatic tissues for generation of insulin-producing cells 209

Exploiting maternal microchimerism to treat diabetes in the child 209

Bio-artificial substitutes for pancreas 210

Role of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes 210

Embryonic stem cells for diabetes 210

HSC transplantation to supplement immunosuppressant therapy 211

Human neural progenitor cells converted into insulin-producing cells 212

Insulin-producing cells derived from UCB stem cells 212

iPS cells for diabetes 213

Isolation of islet progenitor cells 213

Pancreatic progenitor cells Expansion in vitro 213

Pancreatic stem cells 213

Stem cell injection into portal vein of diabetic patients 214

Dendritic cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes 214

Gene therapy in diabetes 215

Viral vectors for gene therapy of diabetes 215

Genetically engineered dendritic cells 215

Genetically altered liver cells 216

Genetically modified stem cells 216

Companies developing cell therapy for diabetes 216

Concluding remarks about cell and gene therapy of diabetes 217

Cell therapy of gastrointestinal disorders 218

Inflammatory bowel disease 218

Cell therapy for liver disorders 219

Types of cells and methods of delivery for hepatic disorders 219

Bioartificial liver 220

Limitations of bioartificial liver 221

Stem cells for hepatic disorders 221

Deriving hepatocytes from commercially available hMSCs 222

Implantation of hepatic cells derived from hMSCs of adipose tissue 222

MSC derived molecules for reversing hepatic failure 222

Cell-based gene therapy for liver disorders 223

Transplantation of genetically modified fibroblasts 223

Transplantation of genetically modified hepatocytes 223

Intraperitoneal hepatocyte transplantation 224

Genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells 224

Use of iPSCs derived from somatic cells for liver regeneration 224

Clinical applications 224

Future prospects of cell-based therapy of hepatic disorders 225

Cell therapy of renal disorders 225

Bioartificial kidney 226

Cell-based repair for vascular access failure in renal disease 226

Mesangial cell therapy for glomerular disease 226

Stem cells for renal disease 227

Role of stem cells in renal repair 227

Bone marrow stem cells for renal disease 227

MSC therapy for renal disease 228

Cell therapy for pulmonary disorders 228

Delivery of cell therapy for pumonary disorders 228

Intratracheal injection of cells for pulmonary hypoplasia 228

Role of stem cells in pulmonary disorders 229

Lung tissue regeneration from stem cells 229

Role of stem cells in construction of the Cyberlung 229

Respiratory epithelial cells derived from UCB stem cells 230

Respiratory epithelial cells derived from hESCs 230

Lung tissue engineering with adipose stromal cells 231

Cell-based tissue-engineering of airway 231

Pulmonary disorders that are treatable by stem cells 231

Acute lung injury and ARDS treated with MSCs 232

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia treated with MSCs 233

Cystic fibrosis treatment with genetically engineered MSCs 233

Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment with EPCs 233

Cell therapy for disorders of bones and joints 234

Repair of fractures and bone defects 234

Adult stem cells for bone grafting 235

Cell therapy for osteonecrosis 235

ESCs for bone repair 236

Intrauterine use of MSCs for osteogenesis imperfecta 236

In vivo bone engineering as an alternative to cell transplantation 236

MSCs for repair of bone defects 236

MSCs for repair of bone fractures 239

Osteocel 240

Stem cells for repairing skull defects 240

Stem cell-based bone tissue engineering 240

Osteoarthritis and other injuries to the joints 241

Mosaicplasty 242

Autologous cultured chondrocytes 242

Autologous intervertebral disc chondrocyte transplantation 243

Cartilage repair by genetically modified fibroblasts expressing TGF- 244

Generation of cartilage from stem cells 244

Role of cell therapy in repair of knee cartilage injuries 246

Role of cells in the repair of anterior cruciate ligament injury 247

Autologous tenocyte implantation in rotator cuff injury repair 248

Platelet injection for tennis elbow 248

Cell therapy of rheumatoid arthritis 249

Cell therapy for diseases of the eye 249

Cell therapy for corneal repair 249

Stem cell therapy for limbal stem cell deficiency 251

Role of stem cells in fibrosis following eye injury 251

Cell therapy for regeneration 252

Stem cells for regeneration 252

Stem cells for regenerating organs 252

Umbilical cord blood for regeneration 253

Promotion of regeneration by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling 254

Role of stem cells in regeneration of esophageal epithelium 254

Cell therapy for regeneration of muscle wasting 254

MSCs for regeneration of ovaries following radiotherapy damage 255

Wound healing: skin and soft tissue repair 255

Cells to form skin substitutes for healing ulcers 255

CellSpray for wound repair 256

Cell therapy for burns 257

Closure of incisions with laser guns and cells 258

Follicular stem cells for skin and wound repair 258

Genetically engineered cells for wound repair 259

Regeneration of skin by adipose-derived stem cells 259

Repair of aging skin by injecting autologous fibroblasts 259

Role of cells in tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery 259

Stem cells for tissue repair 259

Scaffolds for tissue engineering 260

Improving vascularization of engineered tissues 260

Enhancing vascularization by combining cell and gene therapy 261

Choosing cells for tissue engineering 261

ESCs vs adult SCs for tissue engineering 261

Use of adult MSCs for tissue engineering 262

Nanobiotechnology applied to cells for tissue engineering 262

Stem cells for tissue engineering of various organs 263

Engineering of healthy living teeth from stem cells 263

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells for breast reconstruction 264

Improving tissue engineering of bone by MSCs 265

Intra-uterine repair of congenital defects using amniotic fluid MSCs 265

Cell-based tissue engineering in genitourinary system 266

Urinary incontinence 266

Tissue engineering of urinary bladder 267

Label retaining urothelial cells for bladder repair 267

Repair of the pelvic floor with stem cells from the uterus 268

Reconstruction of vagina from stem cells 268

Facial skin regeneration by stem cells as an alternative to face transplant 268

Cell therapy for rejuvenation 268

Cell therapy for performance enhancement in sports 269

Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine 269

Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries 269

Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs 270

5. Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorders 271

Introduction to cardiovascular disorders 271

Limitations of current therapies for myocardial ischemic disease 271

Types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders 271

Cell-mediated immune modulation for chronic heart disease 272

Human cardiovascular progenitor cells 273

Inducing the proliferation of cardiomyocytes 273

Role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis in stem cell therapies for myocardial ischemia 274

Role of splenic myocytes in repair of the injured heart 274

Small molecules to enhance myocardial repair by stem cells 274

Cell therapy for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease 275

MyoCell™ (Bioheart) 275

Cardiac stem cells 276

Cardiomyocytes derived from epicardium 276

Methods of delivery of cells to the heart 277

Cellular cardiomyoplasty 277

IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for MI 277

Non-invasive delivery of cells to the heart by Morph®guide catheter 278

Cell therapy for cardiac revascularization 278

Transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells for revascularization of myocardium 278

Stem cells to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty 278

Role of cells in cardiac tissue repair 279

Transplantation of myoblasts for myocardial infarction 279

Patching myocardial infarction with fibroblast culture 280

Cardiac repair with myoendothelial cells from skeletal muscle 280

Myocardial tissue engineering 281

Role of stem cells in repair of the heart 282

Role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration following injury 282

Cardiomyocytes derived from adult skin cells 282

Cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs 282

Studies to identify subsets of progenitor cells suitable for cardiac repair 283

Technologies for preparation of stem cells for cardiovascular therapy 284

Pravastatin for expansion of endogenous progenitor and stem cells 284

Cytokine preconditioning of human fetal liver CD133+ SCs 284

Expansion of adult cardiac stem cells for transplantation 285

Role of ESCs in repair of the heart 285

ESC transplantation for tumor-free repair of the heart 286

Transplantation of stem cells for acute myocardial infarction 286

Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapeutics 287

Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor stem cells 287

Transplantation of cord blood stem cells 287

Transplantation of hESCs 287

Transplantation of HSCs 288

Transplantation of autologous angiogenic cell precursors 289

Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells 289

Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived cells for AMI 290

Intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells 290

Transplantation of endothelial cells 291

Transplantation of cardiomyocytes differentiated from hESCs 291

Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration 291

Regeneration of the chronic myocardial infarcts by HSC therapy 292

Human mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration 292

In vivo tracking of MSCs transplanted in the heart 293

MSCs for hibernating myocardium 293

Simultaneous transplantation of MSCs and skeletal myoblasts 294

Transplantation of genetically modified cells 294

Transplantation of genetically modified MSCs 294

Transplantation of cells secreting vascular endothelial growth factor 294

Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow stem cells 295

Cell transplantation for congestive heart failure 295

Myoblasts for treatment of congestive heart failure 295

Injection of adult stem cells for congestive heart failure 295

AngioCell gene therapy for congestive heart failure 296

Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiac myopathy 297

Role of cell therapy in cardiac arrhythmias 297

Atrioventricular conduction block 298

Genetically engineered cells as biological pacemakers 298

Ventricular tachycardia 299

Prevention of myoblast-induced arrhythmias by genetic engineering 299

ESCs for correction of congenital heart defects 300

Cardiac progenitors cells for treatment of heart disease 300

Autologus stem cells for chronic myocardial ischemia 301

Role of cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering 301

Construction of blood vessels with cells 301

Targeted delivery of endothelial progenitor cells labeled with nanoparticles 302

Fetal cardiomyocytes seeding in tissue-engineered cardiac grafts 302

UCB progenitor cells for engineering heart valves 302

Cell therapy for peripheral vascular disease 303

ALD-301 303

Cell/gene therapy for PVD 303

Colony stimulating factors for enhancing peripheral blood stem cells 303

Intramuscular autologous bone marrow cells 304

Vascular Repair Cell 304

Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular disease 304

Mechanism of the benefit of cell therapy for heart disease 307

A critical evaluation of cell therapy for heart disease 307

Publications of clinical trials of cell therapy for CVD 308

Current status of cell therapy for cardiovascular disease 308

Future directions for cell therapy of CVD 309

Prospects of adult stem cell therapy for repair of heart 309

Regeneration of cardiomyocytes without use of cardiac stem cells 309

6. Cell Therapy for Cancer 311

Introduction 311

Cell therapy technologies for cancer 311

Cellular immunotherapy for cancer 312

Treatments for cancer by ex vivo mobilization of immune cells 312

Granulocytes as anticancer agents 313

Neutrophil granulocytes in antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer 313

Cancer vaccines 314

Autologous tumor cell vaccines 314

BIOVAXID 314

OncoVAX 314

Tumor cells treated with dinitrophenyl 315

Vaccines that simultaneously target different cancer antigens 315

Gene modified cancer cells vaccines 315

GVAX cancer vaccines 315

K562/GM-CSF 316

Active immunotherapy based on antigen specific to the tumor 316

The use of dendritic cells for cancer vaccination 317

Autologous dendritic cells loaded ex vivo with telomerase mRNA 317

Dendritic/tumor cell fusion 317

Genetically modified dendritic cells 318

In vivo manipulation of dendritic cells 318

Preclinical and clinical studies with DC vaccines 318

Vaccines based on dendritic cell-derived exosomes 319

Limitations of DC vaccines for cancer 319

Future developments to enhance clinical efficacy of DC vaccines 319

Lymphocyte-based cancer therapies 321

Adoptive cell therapy 321

Combination of antiangiogenic agents with ACT 322

Expansion of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes 322

Genetically targeted T cells for treating B cell malignancies 323

Rescue of CD8+ T cells for use in tumor immunotherapy 323

Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes 324

Genetic engineering of tumor cells 324

Hybrid cell vaccination 324

Stem cell-based anticancer therapies 325

Stem cell transplantation in cancer 325

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation 325

Stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies 327

Complications of stem cell transplants in cancer 328

Long-term results of HSC transplant

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