Reportlinker Adds Carbon Nanotubes: Technologies and Global Markets

NEW YORK, Feb. 4 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:

Carbon Nanotubes: Technologies and Global Markets

http://www.reportlinker.com/p0175859/Carbon-Nanotubes-Technologies-and-Global-Markets.html

THIS REPORT:

Provides an overview of the global market for carbon nanotubes (CNTs)

Offers current global market data about CNTs and detailed forecasts through 2014

Discusses the market in terms of commercial sectors and applications for CNTs including composites, electronics, energy and other categories

Gives an historical context for the industry and discusses the latest technological breakthroughs

Highlights unique properties of CNTs, and the different features and challenges of each

Profiles important companies.

Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION -- Complimentary

MOTIVATION 1

OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT 1

SCOPE OF REPORT 2

CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND TARGET AUDIENCE 2

METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION 3

AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALS 3

RELATED BCC REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS 3

REPORTS 3

MONTHLY NEWSLETTER 4

BCC ONLINE SERVICES 4

DISCLAIMER 4

Chapter-2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR CNT GRADES BASED ON COMMITED PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 6

SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR CNT GRADES BASED ON COMMITTED PRODUCTION, 2009-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 6

Chapter-3: TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

WHAT ARE CNTS? 7

FIGURE 1 FORMATION OF A SWNT STRUCTURE 7

FIGURE 2 CNT STRUCTURES 8

A BRIEF HISTORY OF NANOTUBES 8

TABLE 1 CHRONOLOGY OF SOME CNT LANDMARK DEVELOPMENTS, 1953-2009 9

TABLE 1 (CONTINUED) 10

COMPARISON OF CARBON COMPOUNDS 10

TABLE 2 SOME COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF CARBON ALLOTROPES 10

DIAMOND 11

Diamondoids 11

Nanocrystalline Diamond and CNT Hybrid Films 12

GRAPHITE 13

FULLERENES 14

Spherical Form: Buckminsterfullerene 14

Cylindrical Form: CNTs 15

Hybrid Form: Carbon NanoBuds 15

Linear Form: Carbynes 16

CARBON NANOFIBERS 16

CARBON NANOSPHERES 17

CARBIDE-DERIVED MESOPOROUS CARBON 17

PROPERTIES OF CNTS 18

TABLE 3  SOME CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF CNTS 19

TABLE 4 COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT CNTS AND CFS 20

APPLICATIONS OF CNTS 20

TABLE 5 DIVERSE RANGE OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS FOR CNTS 20

TABLE 6 SOME EXAMPLES OF OPTIMUM FORMS OF CNTS REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS 21

OTHER TYPES OF NANOTUBE COMPOUNDS 21

SYNTHETIC INORGANIC NANOTUBES 21

Synthetic Inorganic … (Continued) 22

TABLE 7 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF SOME INORGANIC NANOTUBES 23

NATURAL INORGANIC NANOTUBES 24

ORGANIC NANOTUBES 25

NANOTUBE PRODUCTION 25

TABLE 8 COMPARISON OF THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF CNT BATCH PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 26

ARC DISCHARGE 26

LASER ABLATION 27

CVD 27

SYNTHETIC PROCESSES FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH 28

TABLE 9 SYNTHETIC PROCESS FACTORS AFFECTING CNT GROWTH 28

CONTINUOUS SCALABLE PRODUCTION 28

TABLE 10 COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNT PROCESSES 29

TABLE 11 COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SWNT CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 30

CVD 30

Flame Combustion 31

Plasma Torch 32

Plasma Torch (Continued) 33

Plasma Torch (Continued) 34

Other Developments 35

Catalyst-Free SWNTs 35

Chiral-Specific Growth Catalysts 36

Nonmetallic Catalysts 37

Natural Lava Catalysts 37

Pulsed Laser Vaporization (PLV) 37

Purer and Controlled Diameter SWNTs 38

Varying Carbon Feedstock 38

PURIFICATION AND PRODUCT QUALITY CONTROL 39

TABLE 12 COMMON CNT CHEMICAL PURIFICATION PROCESSES, OUTCOMES AND DISADVANTAGES 40

TABLE 13 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SEPARATION, PURIFICATION, CAPPING AND UNCAPPING OF CNTS BASED ON U.S. PATENTS 41

CNT APPLICATIONS INTEGRATION 42

TABLE 14 LEADING U.S. RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS SPEARHEADING CNT SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT 42

SURFACE CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION 43

TABLE 15 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CNTS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS 43

TABLE 16 EXEMPLARY U.S. PATENTS RELATING TO CNT CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION 44

TABLE 17 ORGANIZATIONS OFFERING SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZED CNT DISPERSIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 45

SEPARATING ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES 45

TABLE 18 NOTABLE DEVELOPMENTS IN SORTING ELECTRONIC GRADE CNTS 46

CNT GROWTH AND DEVICE FABRICATION 47

TABLE 19 EXEMPLARY U.S. PATENTS RELATING TO SELF-ASSEMBLY AND ORGANIZATION OF CNTS 48

TABLE 20 SCALABLE DEVICE INTEGRATION OF CNTS 49

OTHER FORM FACTORS 50

TABLE 21 EXEMPLARY U.S. PATENTS RELATING TO THE USE OF CNTS AS NANOTEMPLATES 50

DWNTS AND BUCKYPAPER 50

FWNTS 51

SWNT-BASED PEAPODS OR NANO TEST TUBES 52

MWNT-BASED MICROCAPSULES 52

OTHER FORMS OF CNTS 53

TABLE 22 RECENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN OTHER CNT VARIANTS 53

DRY SPINNING OF CNT FIBERS AND SHEET FORMING YARNS 53

Dry Spinning of CNT … (Continued) 54

WET SPINNING OF SWNTS 55

CONTINUOUSLY GROWN SWNT FIBERS 56

CONTINUOUSLY GROWN SWNT NONWOVEN TRANSPARENT FILMS 57

CNT REINFORCED POLYMER FIBERS 57

CNT Reinforced Polymer Fibers (Continued) 58

Chapter-4: PATENT ANALYSIS

RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY 59

U.S. PATENTS ISSUED 60

CHRONOLOGICAL GROWTH TRENDS IN PATENT ACTIVITY 60

FIGURE 3 CNT PATENTS ISSUED, 1994-2009 (CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 4,434) 60

FIGURE 3 (CONTINUED) 61

PATENT ACTIVITY CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTOR 61

FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN OF THE MAIN INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTORS DERIVED FROM U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS, 1994–2004 (%) 62

TABLE 23 INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND EXEMPLARY APPLICATIONS EMERGING FROM ISSUED U.S. CNT PATENTS, 1994–2009 63

FIGURE 5 BREAKDOWN OF THE MAIN INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTORS FROM U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (%) 64

FIGURE 6 NUMBER OF U.S. AND FOREIGN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO INDUSTRIAL/APPLICATIONS SECTORS, 1994-2002 (NUMBER) 65

FIGURE 7 NUMBER OF U.S. AND FOREIGN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTOR, 2003 AND 2004 (NUMBER) 66

FIGURE 7 (CONTINUED) 67

FIGURE 8 NUMBER OF U.S. AND FOREIGN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO INDUSTRIAL/APPLICATION SECTOR, 2007 TO JUN 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 68

Comparison of U.S. Patent Activity with Asian, European, and Other Countries 68

FIGURE 9 U.S. VERSUS ASIAN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, 1994–2004 (NUMBER) 69

FIGURE 10 EUROPEAN AND OTHER COUNTRIES WITH U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS, 1994–2004 (NUMBER) 70

FIGURE 11 U.S. CNT PATENTS ISSUED: ASIA, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 71

FIGURE 12 U.S. CNT PATENTS ISSUED: EUROPEAN AND OTHER COUNTRIES, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 72

Domestic Patent Activity 72

FIGURE 13 LEADING U.S. STATES WITH U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 73

Small Businesses 74

TABLE 24 LEADING SMALL U.S. BUSINESSES WITH CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 74

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED) 75

TABLE 25 OTHER SMALL U.S. BUSINESSES WITH MULTIPLE CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 75

TABLE 25 (CONTINUED) 76

Large Businesses 76

TABLE 26 LEADING LARGE U.S. BUSINESSES WITH CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 77

TABLE 27 OTHER LARGE U.S. BUSINESSES WITH MULTIPLE CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 77

TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 78

Academic Institutions 78

TABLE 28 CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS AMONG LEADING U.S. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 79

Government and Other Not-for-Profit Institutions 80

TABLE 29 U.S. GOVERNMENT AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS WITH CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 80

U.S. Patent Activity According to Foreign Ownership 80

Leading Japanese Companies 80

TABLE 30 CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR LEADING JAPANESE ORGANIZATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 81

Leading Korean and Taiwanese Organizations 81

TABLE 31 U.S. CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR LEADING KOREAN AND TAIWANESE ORGANIZATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 82

Leading Organizations in European and Other Countries 82

TABLE 32 CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENTS FOR LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE AND OTHER COUNTRIES, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 82

TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) 83

U.S. PATENTS PENDING 83

FIGURE 14 GROWTH AND BACKLOG IN U.S. PATENTS FILED 2001-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 84

CHALLENGES IN PATENTING NANOTECHNOLOGY 84

PATENT BACKLOG 84

WHO OWNS WHAT? 85

QUALITY VERSUS QUANTITY 86

A NEW BREED OF PATENT BROKERAGE COMPANIES 86

PATENT TROLL 86

Chapter-5: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS

OVERVIEW 87

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 87

NANOTUBE PRODUCERS 88

TABLE 32 INFLUENTIAL PLAYERS INVOLVED IN LARGE-SCALE CNT PRODUCTION AND MARKET EXPLOITATION 88

TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) 89

TABLE 33 INFLUENTIAL PLAYERS INVOLVED IN SMALL-SCALE CNT PRODUCTION AND/OR SPECIALIZED MARKET EXPLOITATION 89

TABLE 33 (CONTINUED) 90

MARKET SEGMENTATION 90

TABLE 34 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF CNT INDUSTRY 91

COMPANY PROFILES: CNT PRODUCERS 91

Arkema 91

Arkema (Continued) 92

Bayer MaterialScience AG 93

TABLE 35 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COMMERCIALIZING BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE MWNTS 94

Canatu, Ltd. 95

Catalytic Materials, LLC/Catalyx Nanotech 96

CNano Technology, Ltd. 97

CNano Technology, Ltd. (Continued) 98

Fullerene International Corp. 99

Hanwha Nanotech Corp. 99

Hodogaya Chemical Co. Ltd./Mitsui & Co. 100

Hyperion Catalysis Int'l Inc. 101

Hyperion Catalysis Int'l Inc. (Continued) 102

MER Corp. 103

Nanocyl S.A. 104

NanoIntegris, Inc. 105

Nanoledge, Inc. 105

Nanoledge, Inc. (Continued) 106

Nanotailor, Inc. 107

Nanothinx S.A. 108

Raymor Industries, Inc. 109

Selah Technologies, LLC 110

Shenzhen Nanotech Port Co., Ltd. 111

Showa Denko KK 111

SWeNT 112

SWeNT (Continued) 113

Thomas Swan & Co., Ltd. 114

Unidym, Inc. 115

Unidym, Inc. (Continued) 116

Unidym, Inc. (Continued) 117

Xintek, Inc. 118

COMPANY PROFILES: CNT SPECIALTY AND ANCILLARY PRODUCTS 119

Applied Nanotech Holdings, Inc. 119

Brewer Science, Inc. 120

Carbon Solutions, Inc. 121

Eikos, Inc. 121

First Nano, Inc. 122

Nanomix, Inc. 123

NanoComposites, Inc. 124

Nanocomp Technologies, Inc. 125

Q-Flo, Ltd. 126

Zyvex Corp./Zyvex Performance Materials 127

Zyvex Corp…(Continued) 128

TABLE 36 ZYVEX PERFORMANCE MATERIALS COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT POLYMER COMPOSITES, 2007–2009 129

COMPANY PROFILES: LARGE U.S. CORPORATIONS 129

TABLE 37 LARGE U.S. CORPORATIONS LEADING IN U.S. CNT PATENT ACTIVITY* (NUMBER) 130

DuPont Co. 131

General Electric Co. 131

Hewlett Packard Co. 132

Honeywell Int'l Inc. 132

Intel Corp. 132

IBM 133

Motorola, Inc. 133

Motorola, Inc. (Continued) 134

Xerox Corp. 135

COMPANY PROFILES: LARGE FOREIGN CORPORATIONS 135

CHALLENGES AND ISSUES FACING THE CNT INDUSTRY 135

Industry Driving Forces 135

TABLE 38 EXEMPLARY COMPANIES LEADING THE CNT INDUSTRY EVOLUTION 136

Nanotube Consumers and the Evolving Grade Structure 136

TABLE 39 DIVERSITY IN CNT CONSUMER MARKET PRODUCTS 136

Cost/Performance Balance 137

Competition 137

TABLE 40 COMPETITIVE MATERIAL ALTERNATIVES TO CNTS FOR CERTAIN APPLICATIONS 138

Toxicity 138

TABLE 41 PROGRESS IN IDENTIFYING AND RESOLVING CNT TOXICOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR, 2005-2007 139

TABLE 41 (CONTINUED) 140

TABLE 42 PROGRESS IN IDENTIFYING AND RESOLVING CNT TOXICOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR, 2008-SEPTEMBER 2009 141

Environmental Safety 141

Environmental Safety (Continued) 142

NANOTECHNOLOGY RISKS AND REGULATORY CONTROL 143

Asian Initiatives 143

Canadian Government 144

European Commission 144

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 145

U.S. Led Nanotechnology Regulatory Control Initiatives 146

CBEN at Rice University 147

City of Berkeley, CA, Nanomaterials Ordinance 147

EPA 148

Nanoethics and Social Advocacy Groups 148

Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 149

Woodrow … (Continued) 150

Chapter-6: MARKETS BY APPLICATION

COMPOSITES 151

TABLE 43 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CNTS COMPARED WITH OTHER FIBERS 152

TABLE 44 CNT COMPOSITES: RANGE OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS 152

TABLE 45 CNT COMPOSITES: PROPERTIES ENDOWED 153

TABLE 46 MECHANICAL PROPERTY ENHANCEMENTS IN VARIOUS CNT COMPOSITES 153

TABLE 46 (CONTINUED) 154

CEMENT MATRIX 154

CERAMIC MATRIX 155

TABLE 47 ENHANCEMENTS CLAIMED IN VARIOUS CNT CERAMIC SYSTEMS 156

TABLE 47 (CONTINUED) 157

Ceramic Matrix (Continued) 158

Ceramic Matrix (Continued) 159

DIAMOND COMPOSITES 160

GLASS MATRIX 160

METAL MATRIX 161

TABLE 48 SOME EXAMPLES OF CNT-METAL COMPOSITES 162

POLYMER MATRIX 163

TABLE 49 EXAMPLES OF CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITE MATRIX SYSTEMS AMENABLE TO COMMERCIAL PROCESSING AND APPLICATION 164

TABLE 50 SOME EXAMPLES OF CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITES 165

TABLE 51 VARIOUS PROCESSING STRATEGIES USED TO MANUFACTURE POLYMER-CNT COMPOSITES 166

Electrical Conductivity Properties of Polymer-CNT Composites 166

Mechanical Properties of Polymer-CNT Composites 167

TABLE 52 ULTIMATE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CNT FIBERS AND EXAMPLES OF THEIR ENHANCEMENT IN VARIOUS POLYMER COMPOSITE SYSTEMS 167

TABLE 53 KEY PROPERTIES CONTROLLING ULTIMATE REINFORCING AND CONDUCTIVITY POTENTIAL OF SWNTS IN A POLYMER MATRIX 168

Thermal Conductivity Properties of Polymer-CNT Composites 168

Commercial Product Applications of Polymer-CNT Composites 169

TABLE 54 POLYMER COMPOSITE CNT PRODUCTS CURRENTLY MANUFACTURED OR UNDER COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT 169

TABLE 54 (CONTINUED) 170

TABLE 55 LEADING COMPANIES INVOLVED IN THE COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITES 170

TABLE 55 (CONTINUED) 171

TABLE 56 MOST ACTIVE COMPANIES ACCORDING TO CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITE U.S. PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 172

TABLE 57   OTHER ACTIVE ORGANIZATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S. CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITE PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 173

Automotive Applications 173

TABLE 58 EXAMPLES OF READY-TO-MOLD HYPERION AUTOMOTIVE MWNT-RESIN COMPOUNDS 173

TABLE 58 (CONTINUED) 174

TABLE 59 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE FOR HYPERION CONDUCTIVE AUTOMOTIVE MWNT-RESIN COMPOUNDS 174

TABLE 60 ADVANTAGES OF MWNTS COMPARED WITH CONVENTIONAL CONDUCTIVE FILLERS USED IN MOLDED AUTOMOTIVE PLASTICS 175

TABLE 61 CLASSIFICATION OF CONDUCTIVE MOLDED PLASTICS ACCORDING TO FILLER LOADING AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 176

TABLE 62 VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF MWNTS IN ELECTROSTATICALLY DISSIPATIVE PLASTIC AUTO COMPONENTS 176

Automotive … (Continued) 177

Automotive … (Continued) 178

Automotive … (Continued) 179

TABLE 63 ADVANCES IN IMPROVING THE STRENGTH AND CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMER-CNT COMPOSITES, 2007–2009 180

Aeronautical Applications 180

Aeronautical … (Continued) 181

Aeronautical … (Continued) 182

TABLE 64 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AEROSPACE CF COMPOSITES INDUSTRY 183

Electronic Applications 184

TABLE 65 VARIOUS ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS OF MWNTS IN MOLDED PLASTIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 184

Flame Retardant Applications 185

Space Applications 186

TABLE 66 FUTURE SPACE APPLICATIONS FOR CNTS 187

Sporting Goods Applications 187

TABLE 67 SPORTING GOODS PROTOTYPES BASED ON MWNT-PLASTIC COMPOSITES 188

Other Applications and Important Property Considerations 188

Biocatalytic Films 188

Biomedical Composites 189

Conventional Adhesives 190

Dry Adhesives 191

TABLE 68 RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT DRY ADHESIVE SYSTEMS* 191

Polymer Composite Coatings and Inks 192

TABLE 69 ORGANIZATIONS EXPLORING CNT-BASED INKS AND SMART COATINGS 192

TABLE 70 COMPARATIVE PROPERTY PERFORMANCE OF CONDUCTIVE TRANSPARENT COMPOSITE COATINGS 193

Polymer (Continued) 194

Polymer (Continued) 195

Polymer (Continued) 196

Polymer (Continued) 197

Sensor Networks for Ongoing Composite Structural Diagnostics and Repair 198

Surface Chemical Functionalization and Form Factor 199

ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 199

TABLE 71 U.S. ORGANIZATIONS LEADING THE ELECTRONICS SECTOR WITH CNT PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 200

TABLE 72 LEADING ASIAN AND EUROPEAN ORGANIZATIONS HOLDING ELECTRONICS CNT PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 201

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 202

Emergence of Nanoelectronics 202

Emergence of … (Continued) 203

TABLE 73 KEY CNT PROPERTIES ATTRACTING FUTURE ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 204

CNT Electronic Components Development 205

Synthesis and Characterization of Electronic-Grade SWNTs 206

Synthesis … (Continued) 207

Synthesis … (Continued) 208

Synthesis … (Continued) 209

Electronic Device Integration and Self-Assembly 210

Electronic … (Continued) 211

Competition—Silicon Nanowires 212

Connectivity and Large-Scale Integration 213

Connectivity … (Continued) 214

Connectivity … (Continued) 215

Thermal Management (Solid-Based) 216

TABLE 74 ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN CNT ELECTRONIC THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS 217

California Institute of Technology 217

CAT Science/University of Copenhagen (Denmark) 218

Fujitsu, Ltd. (Japan) 218

IBM (Yorktown Heights, NY) 218

Koila, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA) 218

LG Electronics (Korea) 219

Molecular Nanosystems, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) 219

Nanoconduction, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA)/NASA Ames Research Center 219

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, CO) 220

Nextreme Thermal Solutions (Research Triangle Park, NC) 220

OCZ Technology (Sunnyvale, CA) 220

Purdue University 220

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 221

University of California, Berkeley 221

University of Colorado 221

Thermal Management (Liquid-Based) 221

Cooligy, Inc. (Mountain View, CA) 222

Seoul National University, Korea 222

University of Leeds/Institute of Particle Science and Engineering, U.K. 222

Beyond the CMOSFET Paradigm 223

Current Industry FET Development 223

TABLE 75 LEADING COMPANIES WITH CNTFET PATENT INTEREST 224

GE Global Research Center 224

IBM Optoelectronic Applications 225

Infineon Technologies, Germany 226

Development of Other CNT Nanoelectronic Components 226

FE DISPLAYS AND RELATED DEVICES 227

What is FE? 227

Why CNTs are Attractive Material Candidates? 227

TABLE 76 ADVANTAGES OF CNTS AS A COLD FE CATHODE 228

FE Applications 228

FE Displays 229

Fabrication 229

How CNT-FEDs Compare with Other Display Technologies 230

TABLE 77 ADVANTAGES OF FE DISPLAYS OVER LCDS 231

Major Factors Dictating CNT-FED Development 231

TABLE 78 MAJOR FACTORS DICTATING EMERGENCE OF CNT-BASED TECHNOLOGY IN FPD MARKETPLACE 231

Leading Organizations Involved in FED Development 232

TABLE 79 LEADING U.S. ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-FED/FED PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 232

TABLE 80 LEADING FOREIGN COUNTRIES INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-FED/FED PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 232

TABLE 80 (CONTINUED) 233

TABLE 81 MAJOR PLAYERS AND ANCILLIARY GROUPS/COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CNT-FED DEVELOPMENT 233

TABLE 82 ORGANIZATIONS ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN CNT-FED PROTOTYPES, 2000-2009 234

Canon KK (Japan) 234

cDream Corp. (San Jose, CA) 235

CEA/LETI (France) 236

CopyTele, Inc. (Melville, NY) 237

CopyTele…(Continued) 238

Futaba Corp. (Japan) 239

Japan, Inc. 239

Motorola Laboratories (Tempe, AZ) 240

TABLE 83 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF MOTOROLA'S CNT-BASED FED COMPARED WITH EXISTENT FPD TECHNOLOGIES 241

Nano-Proprietary/Applied Nanotech, Inc. (Austin, TX) 241

Nano-…(Continued) 242

Nano-…(Continued) 243

Noritake Itron Corp./Ise Electronics (Japan) 244

Printable Field Emitters, Ltd. (U.K.) 244

Samsung (Korea) 245

Taiwan, Inc. 246

Taiwan, Inc. (Continued) 247

OTHER FED APPLICATIONS 248

TABLE 84 EXAMPLES OF OTHER FED APPLICATIONS 248

TABLE 84 (CONTINUED) 249

Light Bulbs and Light Sources 249

Light Bulbs … (Continued) 250

TABLE 85 ADVANTAGES OF FE-CNT FLUORESCENT WHITE LIGHT SOURCE OVER CONVENTIONAL LAMPS 251

TABLE 86 RATIONALIZING CNT SYNTHESIS WITH END-USE FE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 251

Applications of CNT-Based FE Light Sources 251

TABLE 87 ORGANIZATIONS WITH U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY RELATING TO CNT-BASED FE LIGHT SOURCES (NUMBER) 252

Advance Nanotech, Inc./University of Bristol 252

Ahwahnee Technology (San Jose, CA) 253

Delta Optoelectronics, Inc. (Taiwan) 253

Dialight Japan Co., Ltd. 254

EPFL/NanoLight Int'l, Ltd. (Switzerland) 255

Electrovac AG (Austria) 255

Foxconn/Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) 255

Hanwha Chemical Co./Iljin Nanotech (Korea) 256

IBM/Thomas J. Watson Research Center 257

KAIST 257

Nanoexa (Burlingame, CA) 258

Nano-Proprietary/Advanced Nanotech Holdings, Inc. (Austin, TX) 258

Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Korea) 259

Taitung University, Taiwan 259

University of Surrey/Advanced Technology Institute (U.K.) 260

FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS AND ELECTRONICS 261

Advance Nanotech, Inc. (New York, NY)/Cambridge University, (U.K.) 261

TABLE 88 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE APPLICATION OF CNTS IN FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS AND DISPLAYS 262

TABLE 88 (CONTINUED) 263

Advanced Technology Institute/University of Surrey/Surrey Nanosystems, Ltd. 263

Arrowhead Research (Pasadena, CA) 264

DuPont Electronic Technologies (Hayward, CA) 264

DuPont … (Continued) 265

Eikos, Inc. (Franklin, MA) 266

NanoIntegris, Inc. (Skokie, IL) 266

NEC Corp. (Tokyo, Japan) 266

Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute 267

Unidym, Inc. (Menlo Park, CA) 267

Unidym, Inc. …(Continued) 268

University of Illinois/Semprius, Inc. (Durham, NC) 269

MEMORY APPLICATIONS 269

TABLE 89 ATTRACTIVE PROPERTIES OF CNTS FOR MEMORY APPLICATIONS 270

Memory Applications (Continued) 271

TABLE 90 LEADING PLAYERS IN CNT-MEMORY INITIATIVES BASED ON U.S. PATENTS, 1997-JULY 25, 2006 (NUMBER) 272

TABLE 90 (CONTINUED) 273

Nantero, Inc. (Woburn, MA) 273

Nantero, Inc. … (Continued) 274

ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE 275

BATTERIES 276

Lead-Acid Batteries 276

Lithium-Ion Batteries 276

Lithium-Ion … (Continued) 277

Lithium Polymer Batteries 276

Lithium-Ion … (Continued) 277

Lithium Polymer Batteries 278

CNT Commercial Battery Developments 279

TABLE 91 LEADING PLAYERS IN CNT-BASED BATTERY TECHNOLOGY ACCORDING TO U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 279

TABLE 91 (CONTINUED) 280

Micro Bubble Technologies, Inc. (South Korea)/Next Alternative, Inc. (Canada) 280

FUEL CELLS 281

TABLE 92 CNTS ENDEARING PROPERTIES USED IN FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS 282

Hydrogen Fuel Cells 282

TABLE 93 KEY PROPERTIES AFFECTING FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE 283

DMFC 283

Substitution of CNTs in MEA Materials 284

CNTs Used in Hydrogen and DMFCs 285

Optimizing Catalyst Loading and Retention 285

CNT-Based MEAs 286

Critical Fuel Cell Components 286

GDLs 286

Surface Wettability 287

Early Commercial Applications and Development of Fuel Cells 288

TABLE 94 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS PATENTING U.S. CNT FUEL CELL ENHANCEMENTS, 2002-DECEMBER 30, 2006 289

More Recent Patent Activity and Commercial Developments 289

TABLE 95 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS AMONG U.S. ORGANIZATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 290

TABLE 96 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS AMONG FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 290

TABLE 96 (CONTINUED) 291

Intematix Corp. (Fremont, CA) 291

Japan, Inc. 292

Motorola, Inc. (Tempe, AZ) 292

Motorola, Inc… (Continued) 293

MTI MicroFuel Cells, Inc. (Albany, NY) 294

Neah Power Systems, Inc. (Bothel, WA) 295

Pacific Fuel Cell Corp. (Riverside, CA) 295

Show Denko KK (Japan) 295

UltraCell Corp. (Livermore, CA) 296

HYDROGEN STORAGE 297

Carbon Nanostructures 298

Underlying System Properties 299

Commercial Development and Patent Activity 300

TABLE 97 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE APPLICATIONS, 1997-APRIL 2006 (NUMBER) 301

TABLE 98 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 301

TABLE 98 (CONTINUED) 302

Nanomix, Inc. 302

Motorola, Inc. 303

Sony Corporation 303

CAPACITORS 303

Basic Characteristics 303

TABLE 99 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES 304

TABLE 100 ADVANTAGES OF SUPERCAPACITOR ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICES COMPARED WITH BATTERIES 305

TABLE 101 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF BATTERIES VERSUS CAPACITORS 305

EDLC 305

EDLC (Continued) 306

Research Activities in CNT-Based EDLCs 307

Georgia Institute of Technology Textile and Fiber Engineering 307

INRS (Quebec, Canada) 307

MIT Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems (LEES) 308

NASA Johnson Space Center 309

National Institute of AIST (Japan) 309

Stanford University/UCLA 309

University of California, Davis 310

University of Cambridge/Department of Engineering (U.K.) 311

University of Southern California (USC) 312

University of Texas at Austin 312

University of Texas at Dallas/NanoTech Institute 312

Early Patent Activity and Commercial Development in CNT-Based EDLCs 313

GSI Creos Corp., Asahi Glass, and TDK (Japan) 313

TABLE 102 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED EDL CAPACITORS AND APPLICATIONS, 1997-DECEMBER 30, 2006 (NUMBER) 314

Hyperion Catalysis Int'l 314

Iljin Nanotech (Korea) 314

Recent Patent Activity and Commercial Development in CNT-Based EDLCs 315

TABLE 103 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-BASED EDL CAPACITOR PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 315

Arrowhead Research Corp./Agonn Systems, Inc. (Pasadena, CA) 315

Kemet Corp. (Greenville, SC) 316

Nisshinbo Holdings, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) 316

Honda Motor Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) 317

SOLAR/PV CELLS 317

Basic Characteristics 317

Basic … (Continued) 318

Academic Research 319

TABLE 104 ACADEMIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN CNT-BASED SOLAR CELLS 319

Commercial Development 320

TABLE 105 CNT PATENT ACTIVITY IN SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONS, 1997-DECEMBER 30, 2006 (NUMBER) 321

TABLE 106 PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT-BASED SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 321

Ambit Corp. (Ashland, MA) 322

Arrowhead Research Corp./Nanopolaris (Pasadena, CA) 322

BP Solar North America (Frederick, MA) 323

DuPont (Wilmington, DE) 324

Dow Corning Corp. (Midland, MI) 324

Eikos, Inc. (Franklin, MA) 325

First Solar, LLC (Phoenix, AZ) 326

HelioVolt Corp. (Austin, TX) 326

Innovalight, Inc. (Manhasset, NY) 327

Konarka Technologies (Lowell, MA) 327

Miasolé (San Jose, CA) 328

Nanosolar, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) 328

Plextronics, Inc. (Pittsburg, PA) 329

Wakonda Technologies, Inc./RIT 330

OTHER ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS 330

TABLE 107 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED APPLICATIONS USED IN OTHER ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 330

TABLE 107 (CONTINUED) 331

Mechanical Energy Storage 331

Thermionic Power 331

Thermal Rectifiers 332

MEMBRANES: FILTRATION AND SEPARATION MEDIA 333

TABLE 108 ATTRACTIVE PROPERTIES OF CNTS AS SEPARATION MEMBRANES 334

DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 334

TABLE 109 ORGANIZATIONS WITH U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT MEMBRANES, FILTRATION AND SEPARATION MEDIA, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 334

TABLE 109 (CONTINUED) 335

TABLE 110 RESEARCH AND COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS OF VARIOUS CNT-BASED MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES 335

Biosource, Inc./Voltea, Ltd. (London, U.K.) 336

Clemson University 336

Cnanoz, Inc (Research Triangle Park, NC) 337

Covalent Industrial Technologies, LLC (Hayward, CA) 337

LLNL 338

LLNL (Continued) 339

Philip Morris USA Research Center 340

Procter & Gamble Co. 341

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 341

Seldon Laboratories, LLC 342

University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research 343

Velocys, Inc. (Plain City, OH)/Oxford Catalysts Group plc (Oxford, U.K.) 343

SENSORS 344

TYPES OF SENSORS 344

TABLE 111 TYPES OF CNT SENSORS 345

Biosensors 345

TABLE 112 TYPES OF CNT BIOSENSOR SYSTEMS 345

TABLE 112 (CONTINUED) 346

Chemical Sensors 346

TABLE 113 KEY PROPERTIES OF CNTS EXPLOITED IN SENSOR APPLICATIONS 347

Physical Sensors and Actuators 348

RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY IN SENSORS 349

TABLE 114 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-SENSOR PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 349

COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS 350

Applied Nanotech Holdings, Inc. (Austin, TX) 350

Gated Metal Oxide Sensor 350

Palladium Nanoparticle Hydrogen Sensor 350

Photoacoustic Sensor (PAS) 351

Other Recent Sensor and Detector-Related Developments 351

Honeywell Int'l, Inc. (Morristown, NJ) 352

Motorola Laboratories (Tempe, AZ) 352

Nanomix, Inc. (Emeryville, CA) 353

Nanosensors, Inc.(Santa Clara, CA) 354

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 355

Pacific … (Continued) 356

YTC America, Inc. (Camarillo, CA) 357

OTHER APPLICATIONS 357

BIOSENSORS 357

Alpha Szenszor, Inc. (Worcester, MA) 358

Applied Nanotech Holdings, Inc. (Austin, TX) 358

Nanomix, Inc. (Emeryville, CA)/MysticMD, Inc. (Groton, CT) 359

BIOMEDICAL DEVELOPMENTS 359

TABLE 115 POTENTIAL USES OF CNTS IN THE BIOMEDICAL AREA 359

TABLE 116 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS, PRIOR TO 2007 360

TABLE 117 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS, 2007-2009 361

Potential Commercial CNT Biomedical Developments 362

Chromoz, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, NC) 362

Intel Corp. (Santa Clara, CA) 363

XinRay Systems, LLC (Research Triangle Park, NC) 363

CATALYST SUPPORTS 364

Industrial Chemical Process Synthesis 364

TABLE 118 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY LEADERS IN CNT CATALYST SUPPORTS, 2007-SEPTEMBER 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 365

BTU Int'l, Inc. (North Billerica, MA) 366

Headwaters Technology Innovation, Inc. (Lawrenceville, NJ) 366

Hyperion Catalysis Int'l, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) 366

Electrocatalysis 366

Photocatalytic Support Systems 367

TABLE 119 APPLICATIONS OF CNTS IN PHOTOCATALYTIC SYSTEMS 367

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY 368

Xerox Corp. (Stamford, CT) 368

INSTRUMENTS: ACTUATORS, MANIPULATORS AND PROBES 368

TABLE 120 U.S. CNT PATENT ACTIVITY INVOLVING ACTUATORS, INSTRUMENTS AND MANIPULATORS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 368

TABLE 120 (CONTINUED) 369

Commercial Developments in SPM/AFM CNT Probes 369

Carbon Design Innovations (Burlingame, CA) 370

Carbon Nanoprobes, Inc. (White Plains, NY) 370

Xidex Corp. (Austin, TX) 371

OIL RECOVERY 372

TABLE 121 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT ENHANCEMENTS IN OIL RECOVERY, 2007-SEPTEMBER 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 372

SECURITY 373

TABLE 122 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS CNT-BASED SECURITY APPLICATIONS 373

TABLE 122 (CONTINUED) 374

Bioterrorism and Explosives Detection 374

Stanford University 374

MIT 375

Body Armor and Smart Textiles 375

National Research Council Canada (Ottawa, Canada) 375

Nanocomp Technologies, Inc. (Concord, NH) 376

Q-Flo, Ltd. (Cambridge, U.K.) 376

Nico Technologies (Ann Arbor, MI) 377

RFID Tags 377

Alien Technology Corp. (Morgan Hills, CA) 378

Ambient Systems, B.V. (Enschede, Netherlands) 378

AMBIT Corp. (Ashland, MA) 379

Nantero Inc. (Woburn, MA)/Hewlett-Packard Specialty Printing Systems (San Diego, CA) 380

X-Ray Detection 380

American Science and Engineering, Inc. (Billerica, MA) 381

XinRay Systems, LLC (Research Triangle Park, NC) 381

POLISHING 382

Applied Materials, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA) 382

Chapter-7: MARKET ANALYSIS

TECHNOLOGY PUSH 383

CNT COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND ESTIMATED SALES REVENUES 383

MWNTs 383

TABLE 123 CONFIRMED ANNUAL PRODUCTION COMMITMENT OF COMMERCIAL MWNTS: TIER 1 COMPANIES, 2009-2014 (METRIC TONS) 384

TABLE 124 UNCONFIRMED ANNUAL PRODUCTION COMMITMENT OF COMMERCIAL MWNTS: TIER 2 COMPANIES, 2009-2014 (METRIC TONS) 384

TABLE 125 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR MWNT PRODUCTION REVENUES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 385

SWNTs 386

TABLE 126 UNCONFIRMED ANNUAL PRODUCTION COMMITMENT OF COMMERCIAL SWNTS: TIER 1 AND 2 COMPANIES, 2009-2014 (KG) 386

TABLE 127 MARKET FORECAST FOR SWNT PRODUCTION AND REVENUES: TIER 1 COMPANIES, THROUGH 2014 387

Other Specialty Grades 388

TABLE 128 FORECAST FOR SPECIALTY FWNTS PRODUCTION REVENUES, THROUGH 2014 388

Other Companies Influencing CNT Exploitation 388

TABLE 129 OTHER COMPANIES AIDING CNT COMMERCIALIZATION 389

Carbon Solutions, Inc. 390

NanoIntegris, Inc. 390

Brewer Science, Inc. 390

MARKET PULL 390

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR CNTS IN POLYMER COMPOSITES 391

AERONAUTICAL APPLICATIONS 391

Aeronautical Applications (Continued) 392

AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS 393

Automotive Applications (Continued) 394

ELECTRONIC PACKAGING APPLICATIONS 395

FLAME-RETARDANT APPLICATIONS 395

INDUSTRIAL SEALS 395

SPORTS EQUIPMENT APPLICATIONS 396

OTHER COMPETITIVE FACTORS AND DEVELOPMENTS 397

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR CNTS IN OTHER MATRIX COMPOSITES 398

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR CNTS IN ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 399

ELECTRONIC/NANOELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 399

FE DISPLAYS AND RELATED DEVICES 400

FE Displays 400

TABLE 130 PROS AND CONS FOR CNT FE DISPLAY MARKET 401

MARKET CHALLENGES:

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