Rare Earths: Worldwide Markets, Applications, Technologies

NEW YORK, Dec. 19, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:

Rare Earths: Worldwide Markets, Applications, Technologies

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REPORT SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Specifically, the major objectives of this study are:

Provide an updated review of rare earth technology, focusing on materials, sources, and applications

Highlight new technological developments during the past 3 years as they relate to rare earths

Review existing fields of application for rare earths and investigate emerging applications

Supply an updated worldwide overview of resources and rare earth production

Describe the market evolution since 2009 and estimate 2011 global markets by application and rare earth element, with growth forecasts through 2016 for each market segment

Identify important technological and market trends within each market segment

Provide an updated review of current producers of rare earth materials and other relevant industry players

Determine trends in U.S. patents issued during the past 2 years.

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY

In 2009, global demand for rare earths reached nearly 112,000 metric tons, with no meaningful slow-down in demand expected.

Beginning in the mid-1980s, China surpassed the United States as the leading supplier of rare earths. With very large reserves of rare earths, China's overwhelming price advantage through economies of scale made most mining operations in other parts of the world unprofitable, strengthening China's position as the leading producer of these elements (China currently accounts for over 90% of global rare earths production).

In recent years, China has adopted various regulations to control the mining and export of rare earths and has increased enforcement efforts to better protect the environment and safeguard supplies for its growing domestic market. As a result, China has reduced export quotas for rare earths, causing worldwide shortages of these materials and, consequently, rapidly rising prices.

The principal reason for doing this study is to provide an updated and comprehensive assessment of the rare earth industry, particularly as it relates to the evaluation of resources, the status of mining projects worldwide, current and future pricing of rare earths, alternative sources, and growth in demand for products containing these materials.

There is also a need to evaluate the current status and future trends of the rare earth industry from a global standpoint. As use of these materials expands, information on regional production, sales, and types of suppliers becomes more valuable.

An equally important reason for undertaking this study is to provide technical insights regarding rare earth production by:

Illustrating the latest technological developments.Supplying a review of current and emerging applications.Identifying supply and demand for the 17 elements.Identifying current technical issues.Providing a detailed patent analysis.

This information can assist companies in finding alternative sources for rare earths and identifying opportunities for process and productivity improvements, resulting in a positive impact on future market growth.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

Manufacture, sell, and distribute rare earths and rare earth–based productsAre involved in the exploration and mining of rare earth elementsDevelop technologies that utilize rare earthsProduce special alloysFabricate advanced ceramicsManufacture glass for optical applicationsOffer technical and/or marketing services to firms that produce high-performance materials.

Overall, this study applies to industry sectors such as metallurgical/mechanical, glass and ceramics, electronics, optical and optoelectronics, chemical, energy, life sciences, sensors and instrumentation, and consumer products.

The study is mainly directed toward executives, directors, operations managers, sales and marketing managers, and strategic planners working within the above industries. Universities and research facilities may also find this study to be a good source of technical information regarding rare earth materials, sources, technology, and applications, which can be used as a baseline for new or expanded R&D activities. Librarians of technical information and research centers can also use this report to provide critical data to product managers, market analysts, researchers, and other professionals who need detailed and updated insights into the rare earths industry.

SCOPE OF REPORT

This study provides an updated review of rare earth materials, sources, pricing, and production processes, and identifies current and emerging applications for these materials.

BCC Research determines the current market status of rare earths, defines trends, and presents growth forecasts over the next 5 years. Supply and sourcing issues, including the latest developments, are also discussed.

BCC Research analyzes the rare earth industry on a worldwide basis from the standpoint of both manufacturing and consumption, and provides profiles of leading industry players.

A detailed U.S. patent analysis provides further insight regarding market and technological developments.

More specifically, BCC's market analysis is divided into seven parts.

In the first part, a historical review of rare earths is provided, including an outline of recent events. In this section, current and emerging applications for these materials are also identified and divided by sector (e.g., metallurgical/mechanical, chemical, energy, and electronics).

In the second part, the latest process developments and improvements related to rare earth production are outlined, followed by a summary of global production by country.

The third part of the report provides a detailed analysis of the geographical distribution of rare earth sources, discussing the major rare earth mining activities in each country, including supplying an updated assessment of world reserves, a status report on the most important mining projects, and global production forecasts.

Past, present and future price trends are presented and discussed in the fourth section.

The fifth part of the report entails a global market analysis of rare earths. Global consumption of rare earths (in metric tons) are presented by industry/application and by element, with actual data referring to the years 2009 and 2010, and estimated data for 2011. Global rare earth revenues (data in millions of dollars) by industry are also provided.

This section also offers a presentation of market growth trends based on industry growth and technological trends. Projected consumption for rare earths is reported with forecast CAGRs (compound annual growth rates) for the period 2011 through 2016.

In the sixth part, covering global industry structure, the report provides a complete list of rare earth suppliers with a description of their products. The analysis includes a description of the geographical distribution of these firms and an evaluation of production versus consumption for rare earths, always from a geographical standpoint. Detailed company profiles of the top industry players are also provided.

The seventh and final section includes an extensive analysis of U.S. patents, with a summary of patents related to rare earth materials, processes, and applications, issued during the period 2009 through 2011. Patent analysis is performed by region, country, assignee, patent category, application, and material type.

METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES

Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used to obtain market data and analyze the overall market and market segments.

The technology section of this report is based on information derived from technical literature, related BCC reports, professional journals, the author's field experience, and online sources.

Global market analysis was performed by analyzing 127 suppliers of rare earths, accounting for at least 90% of the global market. Data for each company were obtained by thoroughly analyzing Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, Internet websites, annual reports, industry directories, industry magazines and catalogs, government sources, and other public sources.

Additional data were obtained from the direct contribution of primary sources, including: company executives, managers, engineers and other technical personnel representing suppliers of rare earths and rare earth–based products; representatives of academia and trade associations; and industry market analysts.

Secondary sources of information include:

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

EDGAR — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Filings

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

European Patent Office

Company websites

Company annual reports

Thomas Register

Moody's Directory

S & P Industry Survey

Dun & Bradstreet Business Directory

American Ceramic Society Publications

Foreign Chamber of Commerce Directories

Foreign Stock Exchange Listings.

In addition to utilizing the above primary and secondary sources, market growth trends and forecasts were compiled by gaining additional insights from relevant financial and market information, relevant BCC reports, and the author's own in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the collected information.

Table of Contents

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY 1

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY (CONTINUED) 2

INTENDED AUDIENCE 3

SCOPE OF REPORT 3

SCOPE OF REPORT (CONTINUED) 4

METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 5

RELATED BCC RESEARCH STUDIES 6

ANALYST CREDENTIALS 7

BCC ONLINE SERVICES 7

DISCLAIMER 8

CHAPTER TWO: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR RARE EARTHS,

THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS — REO EQUIVALENT) 10

SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR RARE EARTHS, 2009–

2016 (METRIC TONS — REO EQUIVALENT) 11

CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW 12

INTRODUCTION 12

FIGURE 1 RARE EARTHS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE 13

TABLE 1 LANTHANOIDS 13

TABLE 1 (CONTINUED) 14

TABLE 2 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF LANTHANOIDS 14

TABLE 3 SCANDIUM AND YTTRIUM 15

MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF RARE EARTHS AND RECENT

EVENTS 15

TABLE 4 RARE EARTHS — TECHNOLOGICAL AND COMMERCIAL

MILESTONES 15

TABLE 4 (CONTINUED) 16

TABLE 5 RARE EARTHS DISCOVERY 16

FIGURE 2 RARE EARTHS — WORLDWIDE PATENT APPLICATIONS

AND PATENTS ISSUED, 1951–2010 17

FIGURE 2 (CONTINUED) 18

CURRENT AND EMERGING APPLICATIONS FOR RARE EARTHS 19

METALLURGICAL/ MECHANICAL 19

TABLE 6 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE METALLURGICAL

AND MECHANICAL SECTOR, 2011 19

TABLE 6 (CONTINUED) 20

GLASS/CERAMICS 20

TABLE 7 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE GLASS/CERAMIC

SECTOR, 2011 20

TABLE 7 (CONTINUED) 21

ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS 21

TABLE 8 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONICS, OPTICS,

AND OPTOELECTRONICS, 2011 22

TABLE 8 (CONTINUED) 23

CHEMICAL 23

TABLE 9 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL SECTOR,

2011 23

TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) 24

ENERGY 24

TABLE 10 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR,

2011 24

TABLE 10 (CONTINUED) 25

LIFE SCIENCES 25

TABLE 11 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES

SECTOR, 2011 25

SENSORS AND INSTRUMENTATION 26

TABLE 12 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE SENSORS AND

INSTRUMENTATION SECTOR, 2011 26

CONSUMER 26

Established Applications 26

TABLE 13 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE CONSUMER

SECTOR, 2011 27

OTHERS 27

TABLE 14 OTHER RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS, 2011 27

CHAPTER FOUR: RARE EARTH PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 28

INTRODUCTION 28

RARE ELEMENTS PROCESSING 28

TABLE 15 PROCESSING STEPS IN THE RARE EARTH INDUSTRY 28

MINING 29

Crustal Abundance and Deposit Types 29

TABLE 16 RARE EARTHS CRUSTAL ABUNDANCE 29

Rare Earth Minerals 30

TABLE 17 TYPICAL RARE EARTH CONTENT IN VARIOUS COMMON

RARE EARTH MINERALS (REO %) 30

TABLE 17 (CONTINUED) 31

TABLE 18 TYPICAL ION ADSORPTION CLAY, LATERITE ORE

COMPOSITIONS (% OF TOTAL REO) 31

TABLE 18 (CONTINUED) 32

TABLE 19 TYPICAL RARE EARTH CONTENT IN OTHER RARE

EARTH MINERALS (REO %) 32

TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 33

TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 34

TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 35

TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 36

TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 37

TABLE 20 OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS CONTAINING RARE

EARTHS WORLDWIDE 37

TABLE 20 (CONTINUED) 38

TABLE 20 (CONTINUED) 39

MINERAL PROCESSING 39

RECENT PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS, 2009 TO PRESENT 40

Highly Efficient Separation of Rare Earth Elements 40

Environmentally Friendly Methods for Rare Earths

Separation 40

Rare Earth Recycling Process for Rechargeable Batteries 41

LATEST TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS, 2009 TO PRESENT 41

NANOPARTICLES FOR SOOT REDUCTION 41

FLUORESCENT LABELING COMPOUND 42

SINGLE CRYSTAL FOR PRODUCING A HIGHTEMPERATURE

PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR 42

RARE EARTH NANORODS 43

RARE EARTH–ACTIVATED ALUMINUM NITRIDE POWDER

FOR WHITE LEDS 44

PYROCATALYTIC COATINGS FOR HEATING DEVICES 44

RARE EARTH GLOBAL PRODUCTION 45

SUMMARY OF GLOBAL PRODUCTION 45

TABLE 21 RARE EARTHS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2006–2011

(METRIC TONS) 46

INCREASING GAP BETWEEN PRODUCTION AND DEMAND 46

TABLE 22 RARE EARTHS PRODUCTION AND EXPORT IN CHINA,

2007–2011 (METRIC TONS) 47

CHAPTER FIVE: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RARE EARTH

RESOURCES 48

INTRODUCTION 48

NORTH AMERICA 49

UNITED STATES 49

Mountain Pass 49

TABLE 23 MOUNTAIN PASS, CALIFORNIA — TYPICAL ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 50

Iron Hill 50

TABLE 24 IRON HILL, COLORADO — CARBONATITE ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 51

TABLE 25 IRON HILL, COLORADO — PIROXENITE ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 52

Elk Creek 52

TABLE 26 ELK CREEK, NEBRASKA — TYPICAL ORE COMPOSITION

(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 53

Round Top Mountain 53

TABLE 27 ROUND TOP MOUNTAIN, TEXAS — TYPICAL ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 54

Bear Lodge 54

TABLE 28 BEAR LODGE, WYOMING — TYPICAL ORE COMPOSITION

(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 55

Bokan Mountain 55

TABLE 29 BOKAN MOUNTAIN, ALASKA — DOTSON ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 56

Other Resources 56

Summary of Rare Earths Resources in the US 57

TABLE 30 US RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 57

TABLE 30 (CONTINUED) 58

CANADA 58

Thor Lake 58

TABLE 31 THOR LAKE, CANADA — NECHALACHO ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 59

Eldor 59

TABLE 32 ELDOR, CANADA — ASHRAM ZONE ORE COMPOSITION

(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 60

Wicheeda 60

Strange Lake 61

TABLE 33 STRANGE LAKE, CANADA — B-ZONE ORE COMPOSITION

(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 62

Misery Lake 62

Oka 62

TABLE 34 OKA, CANADA — TYPICAL ORE COMPOSITION

(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 63

Hoidas Lake 64

TABLE 35 HOIDAS LAKE, CANADA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 64

Elliot Lake 65

TABLE 36 ELLIOT LAKE, CANADA — ECO RIDGE RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 65

Other Resources 66

Kipawa 66

Eden Lake 66

Red Wine 67

Lancer 67

Summary of Rare Earths Resources in Canada 67

TABLE 37 CANADA RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 67

SOUTH AMERICA 68

BRAZIL 68

Monazite Placers 68

Other Resources 68

Morro dos Seis Lagos 68

Araxá 68

TABLE 38 ARAXÁ, BRAZIL — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 69

Catalão 70

TABLE 39 CATALÃO, BRAZIL — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 70

• REE in Fertilizers 71

Tapira 71

TABLE 40 TAPIRA, BRAZIL — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 72

Salitre 72

Pitinga 72

Morro do Ferro 73

TABLE 41 MORRO DO FERRO, BRAZIL – TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 73

Mato Preto 74

TABLE 42 MATO PRETO, BRAZIL — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 74

Summary of Rare Earths Resources in Brazil 74

TABLE 43 BRAZIL RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 75

ARGENTINA 75

Rodeo de Los Molles 75

Other Resources 75

EUROPE 75

SWEDEN 76

Norra Kärr 76

TABLE 44 NORRA KÄRR, SWEDEN — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 76

Other Resources 77

FINLAND 77

Otanmäki 77

TABLE 45 KATAJAKANGAS, FINLAND — TYPICAL RARE EARTH

ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 78

Korsnäs 78

Kaatiala 79

Other Resources 79

NORWAY 79

Fen 79

GREENLAND 79

Kvanefjeld 79

TABLE 46 KVANEFJELD, GREENLAND — TYPICAL RARE EARTH

ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 80

Motzfeldt 80

TABLE 47 MOTZFELDT, GREENLAND — TYPICAL RARE EARTH

ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 81

Sarfartoq 81

AFRICA 82

SOUTH AFRICA 82

Zandkopsdrift 82

TABLE 48 ZANDKOPSDRIFT, SOUTH AFRICA — TYPICAL RARE

EARTH ORE COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 82

Pilanesberg 83

TABLE 49 PILANESBERG, SOUTH AFRICA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH

ORE COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 83

Phalaborwa 84

Steenkampskraal 84

TABLE 50 STEENKAMPSKRAAL, SOUTH AFRICA — TYPICAL RARE

EARTH ORE COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 85

Monazite Sands 85

Summary of Rare Earths Resources in South Africa 86

TABLE 51 SOUTH AFRICA RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 86

OTHER STATES 86

Other States (Continued) 87

COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES 88

RUSSIA 88

Lovozero 88

TABLE 52 LOVOZERO, RUSSIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 88

TABLE 52 (CONTINUED) 89

Khibina 89

TABLE 53 KHIBINA, RUSSIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 90

Tomtor 90

Eastern Siberia and Far East of Russia 90

Summary of Rare Earths Resources in Russia 91

TABLE 54 RUSSIA RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 91

KYRGYZSTAN 91

Aktyuz 91

TABLE 55 KUTESSAI II, KYRGYZSTAN — TYPICAL RARE EARTH

ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 92

Other Resources 93

Summary of Rare Earth Resources in Kyrgyzstan 93

TABLE 56 KYRGYZSTAN RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 93

KAZAKHSTAN 93

ASIA 94

INDIA 94

Monazite Placers 94

TABLE 57 INDIA — TYPICAL MONAZITE ORE COMPOSITION

(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 95

CHINA 95

Bayan Obo 95

TABLE 58 BAYAN OBO, INNER MONGOLIA, CHINA — TYPICAL

BASTNÄSITE ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 96

Weishan 96

Maoniuping 96

TABLE 59 MAONIUPING, SICHUAN, CHINA — TYPICAL ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 97

Ion-adsorption Clays 97

Other Resources 97

TABLE 60 SOUTHERN CHINA — TYPICAL MONAZITE ORE

COMPOSITION (% OF TOTAL REO) 98

Summary of Rare Earths Resources in China 98

TABLE 61 CHINA RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 98

VIETNAM 99

Nam Xe 99

Dong Pao 99

Monazite Placers 99

Summary of Rare Earths Resources in Vietnam 99

TABLE 62 VIETNAM RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 100

OTHER ASIAN RESOURCES 100

OCEANIA 101

AUSTRALIA 101

Olympic Dam 101

Mount Weld 101

TABLE 63 MT WELD, AUSTRALIA — ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT

OF TOTAL REO) 102

Nolans Bore 102

TABLE 64 NOLANS BORE, AUSTRALIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH

ORE COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 103

Toongi 103

TABLE 65 TOONGI, AUSTRALIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 104

Brockman 105

TABLE 66 BROCKMAN, AUSTRALIA — TYPICAL ORE COMPOSITION

(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 105

Yangibana 105

TABLE 67 YANGIBANA, AUSTRALIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE

COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 106

Cummins Range 106

TABLE 68 CUMMINS RANGE, AUSTRALIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH

ORE COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 107

Other Resources 107

Summary of Rare Earths Resources in Australia 108

TABLE 69 AUSTRALIA RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 108

TABLE 69 (CONTINUED) 109

SUMMARY OF WORLD RESERVES OF RARE EARTHS 109

TABLE 70 GLOBAL RARE EARTH RESERVES, 2011 (METRIC TONS—

REO EQUIVALENT) 110

FIGURE 3 RARE EARTH RESERVES BY COUNTRY, 2011 (%) 111

TABLE 71 HREE-RICH DEPOSITS, 2011 112

STATUS REPORT OF MOST IMPORTANT PROJECTS 113

TABLE 72 STATUS REPORT OF VARIOUS PROJECTS WORLDWIDE,

2011 113

TABLE 72 (CONTINUED) 114

TABLE 72 (CONTINUED) 115

TABLE 72 (CONTINUED) 116

GLOBAL PRODUCTION FORECAST 117

PRODUCTION FORECAST BY COUNTRY 117

TABLE 73 RARE EARTHS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2011–2016

(METRIC TONS) 117

FIGURE 4 RARE EARTHS: GLOBAL PRODUCTION SHARE BY

COUNTRY, 2016 (%) 118

PRODUCTION FORECAST BY ELEMENT 119

TABLE 74 RARE EARTH PRODUCTION BY ELEMENT, 2016 (METRIC

TONS) 119

CHAPTER SIX: RARE EARTH PRICES 120

HISTORICAL PRICES OF BASIC RARE EARTH OXIDES 120

EARLY 1990S TO 2003 120

2003 TO 2009 120

FIGURE 5 PRICES FOR THE MAJOR RARE EARTH OXIDES, 1992–

2003, 99% PURITY CIF US (US $) 121

FIGURE 6 PRICES FOR THE MAJOR RARE EARTH OXIDES, 99%

PURITY FOB CHINA, 2003–2009 ($ US,) 122

RECENT PRICES 122

TABLE 75 RARE EARTHS AVERAGE UNIT PRICES, 99% PURITY,

FOB, THROUGH 2011 ($ US/KG) 123

VALUE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ORES 123

TABLE 76 VALUE OF ONE KILOGRAM OF REO FOR VARIOUS ORES

BASED ON 2011 PRICES ($/KG) 124

TABLE 76 (CONTINUED) 125

TABLE 77 REO RESOURCE VALUES FOR VARIOUS ORES, 2011 ($

BILLIONS) 125

TABLE 77 (CONTINUED) 126

TABLE 78 REO RESOURCE VALUES BY REGION, 2011 ($ BILLIONS) 127

TABLE 78 (CONTINUED) 128

FIGURE 7 VALUE OF RARE EARTH RESOURCES BY REGION, 2011

(%) 129

FUTURE PRICE TRENDS 129

CHINA'S PRODUCTION AND EXPORT POLICIES 130

RARE EARTH RECYCLING 130

MANUFACTURING RELOCATION 130

DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS 131

REE DEPOSIT DEVELOPMENT 131

SUPPLY VERSUS DEMAND 132

TABLE 79 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS AVERAGE UNIT PRICES,

99% PURITY, FOB, THROUGH 2016 (US$/KG) 133

CHAPTER SEVEN: GLOBAL MARKET 134

ANALYSIS OUTLINE 134

GLOBAL MARKET SUMMARY 134

MARKET SEGMENTATION BY INDUSTRY 134

Market Segmentation … (Continued) 135

TABLE 80 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR RARE EARTHS BY INDUSTRY,

THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 136

FIGURE 8 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR RARE EARTHS BY INDUSTRY,

2009–2016 (METRIC TONS) 137

FIGURE 9 RARE EARTHS CONSUMPTION SHARE BY INDUSTRY,

2011 AND 2016 (%) 138

FIGURE 9 (CONTINUED) 139

TABLE 81 GLOBAL MARKET FOR RARE EARTHS BY INDUSTRY,

THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 140

MARKET SEGMENTATION BY ELEMENT 140

TABLE 82 GLOBAL RARE EARTH CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT,

THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 141

FIGURE 10 RARE EARTHS: MARKET SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011

AND 2016 (%) 141

FIGURE 10 (CONTINUED) 142

METALLURGICAL/MECHANICAL SECTOR 142

PERMANENT MAGNETS 143

Types 143

TABLE 83 MAIN TYPES OF PERMANENT MAGNETS, 2011 143

Applications 143

TABLE 84 CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF PERMANENT MAGNETS,

2011 144

TABLE 85 CURRENT RARE EARTH MAGNET APPLICATIONS, 2011 145

Current Market Summary 145

TABLE 86 PERMANENT MAGNETS: GLOBAL PRODUCTION BY

TYPE, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 146

FIGURE 11 PERMANENT MAGNETS: PRODUCTION SHARE BY

TYPE, 2011 (%) 146

FIGURE 11 (CONTINUED) 147

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by

Magnet Type 147

TABLE 87 RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT MAGNETS: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION BY MAGNET TYPE, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC

TONS REO) 147

TABLE 88 RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT MAGNETS: GLOBAL

REVENUES BY MAGNET TYPE, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 148

Consumption of Rare Earths by Element 148

TABLE 89 RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT MAGNETS: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS

REO) 148

FIGURE 12 RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT MAGNETS:

CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 149

Market Growth Trends 149

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 149

TABLE 90 FORECAST — ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES:

GLOBAL REVENUES, THROUGH 2016 ($ BILLIONS) 150

Wind Turbines 150

Electronics 150

Market Forecast 151

TABLE 91 FORECAST — PERMANENT MAGNETS: GLOBAL

PRODUCTION BY TYPE, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 151

FIGURE 13 FORECAST — PERMANENT MAGNETS: PRODUCTION

SHARE BY TYPE, 2016 (%) 152

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by

Magnet Type 152

TABLE 92 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT

MAGNETS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY MAGNET TYPE,

THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 153

TABLE 93 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT

MAGNETS: GLOBAL REVENUES BY MAGNET TYPE, 2011

THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 153

Consumption of Rare Earths by Element 153

TABLE 94 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT

MAGNETS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH

2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 154

FIGURE 14 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT

MAGNETS: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 154

FIGURE 14 (CONTINUED) 155

METALLURGICAL ALLOYS 155

Rare Earth Elements for Metallurgy 155

TABLE 95 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR METALLURGY, 2011 155

TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 156

Current Market Summary 156

TABLE 96 HIGH-PERFORMANCE ALLOYS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION,

THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 157

TABLE 97 RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 157

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by

Element 157

TABLE 98 RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS

REO) 158

FIGURE 15 RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY: CONSUMPTION

SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 158

FIGURE 15 (CONTINUED) 159

TABLE 99 RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY: GLOBAL REVENUES

BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 159

Market Growth Trends 159

TABLE 100 FORECAST — HIGH-PERFORMANCE ALLOYS: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 160

Market Forecast 160

TABLE 101 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY:

GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 160

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by

Element 160

TABLE 102 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY:

GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC

TONS REO) 161

FIGURE 16 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY:

CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 161

FIGURE 16 (CONTINUED) 162

TABLE 103 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY:

GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($

MILLIONS) 162

GLASS/CERAMICS SECTOR 162

TABLE 104 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR GLASS AND CERAMICS,

2011 163

CURRENT MARKET SUMMARY 164

TABLE 105 RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND CERAMICS: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 164

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 164

TABLE 106 RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND CERAMICS: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS

REO) 165

FIGURE 17 RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND CERAMICS:

CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 165

FIGURE 17 (CONTINUED) 166

TABLE 107 RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND CERAMICS: GLOBAL

REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 166

MARKET GROWTH TRENDS 166

Polishing Compounds 166

TABLE 108 FORECAST — CMP SLURRIES: GLOBAL REVENUES BY

MATERIAL TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 167

TABLE 109 FORECAST — ADVANCED DISPLAYS: GLOBAL

REVENUES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ BILLIONS) 168

Advanced Ceramics 168

TABLE 110 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADVANCED CERAMICS,

THROUGH 2016 ($ BILLIONS) 168

Glass 169

TABLE 111 FORECAST — GLASS MARKETS FOR RARE EARTHS:

GLOBAL REVENUES BY SECTOR, THROUGH 2016 ($ BILLIONS) 169

MARKET FORECAST 169

TABLE 112 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND

CERAMICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC

TONS) 170

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 170

TABLE 113 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND

CERAMICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH

2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 170

FIGURE 18 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND

CERAMICS: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 171

TABLE 114 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND

CERAMICS: GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016

($ MILLIONS) 172

ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS 172

TABLE 115 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR ELECTRONICS, OPTICS,

AND OPTOELECTRONICS, 2011 173

TABLE 115 (CONTINUED) 174

CURRENT MARKET SUMMARY 174

TABLE 116 RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND

OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011

(METRIC TONS) 175

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 175

TABLE 117 RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND

OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT,

THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS REO) 176

FIGURE 19 RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND

OPTOELECTRONICS: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011

(%) 176

FIGURE 19 (CONTINUED) 177

TABLE 118 RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND

OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT,

THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 177

MARKET GROWTH TRENDS 177

Advanced Displays 177

Light-Emitting Diodes 178

Lasers 178

Optical Fibers 178

TABLE 119 FORECAST — OPTICAL FIBERS: GLOBAL MARKET,

THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS/MILLIONS OF KILOMETERS) 179

Microelectronics 179

TABLE 120 SEMICONDUCTORS: REVENUES BY REGION, THROUGH

2016 ($BILLIONS) 179

MARKET FORECAST 180

TABLE 121 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS,

OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION,

THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 180

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 180

TABLE 122 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS,

OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY

ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 181

FIGURE 20 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS,

OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY

ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 181

FIGURE 20 (CONTINUED) 182

TABLE 123 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS,

OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL REVENUES BY

ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 182

CHEMICAL SECTOR 182

TABLE 124 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR THE CHEMICAL

INDUSTRY, 2011 183

TABLE 124 (CONTINUED) 184

CURRENT MARKET SUMMARY 184

TABLE 125 RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:

GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 185

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 185

TABLE 126 RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:

GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC

TONS REO) 185

FIGURE 21 RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:

CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 186

TABLE 127 RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:

GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 ($

MILLIONS) 187

MARKET GROWTH TRENDS 187

TABLE 128 FORECAST — CATALYSTS AND PHOTOCATALYSTS:

GLOBAL REVENUES, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 188

MARKET FORECAST 188

TABLE 129 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL

INDUSTRY: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC

TONS) 188

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 189

TABLE 130 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL

INDUSTRY: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH

2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 189

FIGURE 22 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL

INDUSTRY: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 190

TABLE 131 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL

INDUSTRY: GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016

($ MILLIONS) 191

ENERGY SECTOR 191

TABLE 132 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR,

2011 192

CURRENT MARKET SUMMARY 192

TABLE 133 RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 193

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 193

TABLE 134 RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS

REO) 193

FIGURE 23 RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR:

CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 194

TABLE 135 RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR: GLOBAL

REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 195

MARKET GROWTH TRENDS 195

Batteries 195

High-Temperature Superconductors 196

TABLE 136 FORECAST — SUPERCONDUCTORS: GLOBAL

REVENUES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 196

Fuel Cells 196

TABLE 137 FORECAST — FUEL CELLS: GLOBAL REVENUES BY

TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 197

Solar Cells and Other Applications 197

TABLE 138 FORECAST — PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES: GLOBAL

PRODUCTION BY TYPE, THROUGH 2016 (MW) 198

MARKET FORECAST 198

TABLE 139 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY

SECTOR: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC

TONS) 199

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 199

TABLE 140 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY

SECTOR: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016

(METRIC TONS REO) 199

FIGURE 24 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY

SECTOR: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 200

TABLE 141 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY

SECTOR: GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($

MILLIONS) 201

OTHER SECTORS 201

TABLE 142 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR OTHER SECTORS, 2011 202

TABLE 142 (CONTINUED) 203

CURRENT MARKET SUMMARY 203

TABLE 143 RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 204

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 204

TABLE 144 RARE EARTHS FOR THE OTHER SECTORS: GLOBAL

CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS

REO) 204

FIGURE 25 RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS: CONSUMPTION

SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 205

TABLE 145 RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS: GLOBAL

REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 206

MARKET GROWTH TRENDS 206

TABLE 146 FORECAST — VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF RARE

EARTHS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES, SENSORS AND

INSTRUMENTATION, AND CONSUMER SECTORS: GLOBAL

REVENUES, THROUGH 2016 ($ BILLIONS) 206

MARKET FORECAST 207

TABLE 147 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS:

GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 207

Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 207

TABLE 148 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS:

GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC

TONS REO) 208

FIGURE 26 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS:

CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 208

FIGURE 26 (CONTINUED) 209

TABLE 149 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS:

GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($

MILLIONS) 209

CHAPTER EIGHT: GLOBAL INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 210

MINERS AND SUPPLIERS OF RARE EARTHS 210

TABLE 150 MINERS AND SUPPLIERS OF RARE EARTHS, 2011 211

TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 212

TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 213

TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 214

TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 215

TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 216

TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 217

TABLE 151 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF KEY PLAYERS, 2011

(NUMBER OF COMPANIES) 218

OTHER KEY PLAYERS IN THE RARE EARTH INDUSTRY 218

TABLE 152 OTHER RELEVANT INDUSTRY PLAYERS, 2011 218

TABLE 152 (CONTINUED) 219

NOTABLE RECENT INDUSTRY CHANGES 219

TABLE 153 NOTABLE INDUSTRY CHANGES SINCE 2009 219

TABLE 153 (CONTINUED) 220

RARE EARTHS PRODUCTION BY REGION 220

TABLE 154 RARE EARTHS PRODUCTION BY REGION, THROUGH

2016 (METRIC TONS) 221

RARE EARTHS CONSUMPTION BY REGION 221

TABLE 155 RARE EARTHS CONSUMPTION BY REGION, THROUGH

2016 (METRIC TONS) 222

COMPANY PROFILES 222

AGC SEIMI CHEMICAL 222

ARAFURA RESOURCES 223

BAOTOU STEEL RARE EARTH HIGH-TECH 224

Baotou Rare Earth 224

Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths 225

CHINA MINMETALS 226

CHINA RARE EARTH HOLDINGS 227

DANDONG JINLONG RARE EARTH 228

FERRO CORPORATION 229

GANSU RARE EARTH GROUP 230

INDIAN RARE EARTHS 231

Indian Rare Earths (Continued) 232

IRTYSH RARE EARTHS 233

LYNAS CORPORATION 233

Lynas Corporation (Continued) 234

MITSUI MINING AND SMELTING 235

Nippon Yttrium 236

MOLYCORP 236

Molycorp (Continued) 237

NEO MATERIAL TECHNOLOGIES 238

Neo Material Technologies (Continued) 239

RHODIA 240

Rhodia (Continued) 241

SANTOKU CORPORATION 242

Santoku Corporation (Continued) 243

SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO, LTD 244

Shin-Etsu Chemical Co, Ltd (Continued) 245

SHOWA DENKO 246

SUMMIT ATOM RARE EARTH COMPANY 247

TREIBACHER INDUSTRIE 248

Treibacher Industrie (Continued) 249

Treibacher Industrie (Continued) 250

CHAPTER NINE: US PATENT ANALYSIS 251

INTRODUCTION 251

SUMMARY OF PATENTS AWARDED DURING THE PERIOD 2009

THROUGH 2011 251

TABLE 156 RARE EARTHS — US PATENTS, 2011 252

TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 253

TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 254

TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 255

TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 256

TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 257

TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 258

TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 259

TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 260

TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 261

TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 262

TABLE 157 RARE EARTHS — US PATENTS, 2010 263

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 264

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 265

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 266

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 267

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 268

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 269

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 270

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 271

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 272

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 273

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 274

TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 275

TABLE 158 RARE EARTHS — US PATENTS, 2009 276

TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 277

TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 278

TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 279

TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 280

TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 281

TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 282

TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 283

GENERAL TRENDS 284

TABLE 159 RARE EARTHS: US PATENT TRENDS, 2009–2011 284

FIGURE 27 RARE EARTHS: US PATENT TRENDS, 2009–2011

(NUMBER OF PATENTS) 285

TRENDS BY COUNTRY AND REGION 285

FIGURE 28 SHARES OF US PATENTS RELATED TO RARE

EARTHS BY REGION, 2009–2011 (%) 286

FIGURE 29 RARE EARTHS: PATENTS BY COUNTRY, 2009–2011 (%) 287

FIGURE 29 (CONTINUED) 288

TRENDS BY ASSIGNEE 288

TRENDS BY ASSIGNEE (CONTINUED) 289

TABLE 160 ASSIGNEES OF US PATENTS RELATED TO RARE

EARTHS, 2009–2011 289

TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 290

TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 291

TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 292

TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 293

TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 294

TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 295

TRENDS BY PATENT CATEGORY 295

FIGURE 30 RARE EARTHS: SHARES OF US PATENTS BY

CATEGORY, 2009–2011 (%) 296

TRENDS BY APPLICATION 296

TRENDS BY APPLICATION (CONTINUED) 297

FIGURE 31 RARE EARTHS: SHARES OF US PATENTS BY

APPLICATION, 2009–2011 (%) 298

TRENDS BY RARE EARTH TYPE 299

FIGURE 32 RARE EARTHS: SHARES OF US PATENTS BY

MATERIAL TYPE, 2009–2011 (%) 300

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