Production and Application of Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibers, Fullerenes, Graphene and Nanodiamonds: A Global Technology Survey and Market Analysis

NEW YORK, Oct. 17, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:

Production And Application Of Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibers, Fullerenes, Graphene And Nanodiamonds: A Global Technology Survey And Market Analysis

http://www.reportlinker.com/p0487567/Production-And-Application-Of-Carbon-Nanotubes-Carbon-Nanofibers-Fullerenes-Graphene-And-Nanodiamonds-A-Global-Technology-Survey-And-Market-Analysis.html#utm_source=prnewswire&utm_medium=pr&utm_campaign=Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is one of the most important technologies in this century and it is evoking a new industrial revolution. Nanotechnology is changing basic research in the fields of information technology, biological science, environmental science, energy sources, material science, and others. The trend of industrial elements toward small features, high density, fast transmission, low energy cost and high production rate, has generated a greater requirement of miniaturization for elemental materials. Nanomaterial containing nanostructures are the best material to fulfill these needs. Carbon nanotubes are among the most broadly discussed, researched and applied.

Since their discovery in 1991, carbon nanotubes have attracted much attention and research funding, due to the strength of their cylindrical structure, which is constructed of a hexagonal array of carbon atoms. Their structure, as well as the unique electrical, magnetic, and optic characteristics have generated a huge potential of industrial and scientific applications. The fields of carbon nanotube applications include: photo-electric elements, electric elements, biomedical science, energy materials, and artificial diamonds. International technology and industry are focused on this technology, without regard to countries, or research fields. International industrial giants with interest in this technology include IBM, Intel, and NASA in the United States, NEC, Samsung and Showa Denko Companies in Japan, and Max-Planck Institute in Germany. International technology companies are keenly interested in the application of the carbon nanotube to current and future technologies. There can be as many as 40 billion carbon nanotubes contained in a square millimeter.

Carbon nanotubes are microscopic, tube-shaped structures, which essentially have a composition of a graphite sheet rolled into a tube. Carbon nanotubes have unique, interesting and potentially useful electrical and mechanical properties, and offer potential for various uses in electronic devices. Carbon nanotubes also feature extremely high electrical conductivity, very small diameters (much less than 100 nanometers), large aspect ratios (i.e. length/diameter ratios greater than 1000), and a tip-surface area near the theoretical limit (the smaller the tip-surface area, the more concentrated the electric field, and the greater the field enhancement factor). These features make carbon nanotubes ideal for electron field emitters, white light sources, lithium secondary batteries, hydrogen storage cells, transistors, and cathode ray tubes (CRTs).

Carbon nanotubes can be used in applications that include Field Emission Devices, memory devices (high-density memory arrays, memory logic switching arrays), Nano-MEMs, AFM imaging probes, distributed diagnostics sensors, and strain sensors. Other key applications include: thermal control materials, super strength and light weight reinforcement and nanocomposites, EMI shielding materials, catalytic support, gas storage materials, high surface area electrodes, and light weight conductor cable and wires.

Other carbon nano products include graphene, a flat two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, which is reminiscent of chicken wire and is used as substitutes for carbon nanotubes. Fullerenes, originally called Buckminster fullerenes for their geodesic dome shape, (which also resemble microscopic soccer balls) find use in chemical planarization. Carbon nanofibers find use as battery and composite additives.

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The goal of the study was to perform an exhaustive look at the field of nanocarbon materials, with a focus on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and fullerenes, while also investigating carbon nanofiber production and technology. More than 180 companies were found to be manufacturing nanocarbon materials that measured 100 nanometers, or less. Those companies are profiled in the report, which includes contact information. Companies that have gone out of business, or merged with other companies in the past two years, are also noted.

Further, an exhaustive search was made of companies, which are incorporating carbon nanotubes and other nanocarbon materials into products that are now being sold. In addition, the study looked at products, which are under development, and are likely to enter the market in the next five to ten years. The activities of more than 900 companies and institutions in the past two years are noted.

The study set out to find the extent to which carbon nanotubes are being actively researched for new products, and by how many companies. The author found that there are about 160 companies worldwide, which are pursuing the manufacture of various forms of nanocarbon. There are more than 1,000 companies and institutions that are developing, or producing products, which incorporate carbon nanotubes. While sales may be measured in thousands of tons for the first time in 2010, the activity in developing new products is intense, and new manufacturing techniques that overcome prior problems are being developed by a wide range of companies.

The study set out to determine the cost of constructing carbon nanotube and other forms of nanocarbon manufacturing facilities, as well as the cost of the chemicals and processes needed to accomplish that goal.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

Nanotechnologies can advantageously be used to provide elements embedded, or associated with paths (e.g. thermal, power, signal, and data), control devices (e.g. switch and valve), sensors (e.g. temperature, vibration, strain, radiation and light), and "intelligent" devices (e.g. processor and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)).

Nanotechnology refers to technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels, in length scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range. Nanotechnology offers significant performance improvements over the capabilities of today's technology. For example, Carbon Nanotube (CNT) is a new form of carbon configurationally equivalent to a two dimensional graphene sheet rolled into a tube. The nanotubes have diameters, which range from a few nanometers to

Carbon nanotube has the potential to improve tensile strength of steel by several hundred times, aluminum thermal conductivity by 600 times, while improving copper electrical conductivity by orders of magnitude.

There are a number of advantages in using nanotube materials: data signal, and power paths can be constructed with nano material exhibiting superior electrical conductivity. Also, the nano material exhibits superior thermal conductivity and can be used to construct the thermal paths (e.g. in terms of nano heat pipe). Such material is being currently developed in various private and government institutions worldwide. Nano sensors, such as optical and photovoltaic, are also being developed by private companies and government institutions, as are nano electromechanical systems (NEMS).

With this background of CNT enabling many nanotechnology applications, iRAP felt a need to conduct a detailed study, which includes current and emerging technologies, new developments and market opportunities. Since carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, graphene and nanodiamonds are in the same family of materials, we have included them in this study.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY

The study counts more than 700 companies incorporating carbon nanotubes into products for aerospace and aviation, automotive, composites and coatings, energy, environmental, information technology, manufacturing, medical, MEMS and NEMS, military and defense, advanced polymers, sensor, as well as sports and textile applications. Additionally, more than 180 companies are manufacturing nanocarbon materials, including single wall nanotubes, multiwall carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, carbon nanofiber and graphene.

SCOPE AND FORMAT

The primary focus of the report is the production of multi-wall carbon nanotubes and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT). However, attention is paid to producers of nano-carbon fibers that range above and below the threshold for nanotechnologies, having a measurement smaller than 100 nanometers. The report examines production of carbon nanomaterial in Europe, Asia and North America

Attention is also paid to producers and consumer of graphene, which is basically an unrolled carbon nanotube, consisting of a single atom layer of carbon molecules. The report provides a brief, but thorough, update on activities in the field of carbon nanomaterials for the past two years and projects their growth through 2015.

Both the International Standards Organization (ISO) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) subdivide nanomaterials into "nano-objects" and "nano-structured materials." According to ISO TS 27687, nano-objects include nanoplates, nanofibers and nanoparticles, and are nano-scale at least in their exterior measurements. In other words, they measure between one and 100 nanometers in length, width or height. Another ISO working group is currently working on the hierarchy and definitions of nanostructured materials, which include materials with a nanoscale structure within the material or on its surface. Prominent examples are nanocomposites, agglomerates and larger aggregates.

These kinds of aggregates and agglomerates are composed of primary particles (

The nanographite structure/metal nanoparticle composites have clear industrial applications. For example, due to its mechanical and/or electrical properties, the nanographite composites can be used in structures ranging from clothes and sports gear, to combat jackets and space elevators, as well as in semiconductors, fluorescent indicator tubes, fuel cells, and gas storage. Furthermore, the composite can also have biomedical/biotechnological applications, such as vectors for gene therapy, cosmetics, drug delivery systems, and biosensors.

A nanofiber is an ultra-fine fiber having a diameter of 1-800 nm, and has various physical properties that cannot be gained from a conventional fiber. A nanofiber web, used as a membrane type porous materia,l may be usefully applied to various fields, such as filters, wound dressings, artificial supporters, defensive clothes against biochemical weapons, separation membranes for secondary batteries, and nanocomposites.

TO WHOM THE STUDY CATERS

The study caters to those who wish to know the depth and breadth of the markets for carbon nanotubes and other nano-carbon materials. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently attracted considerable attention due to their unique electronic, mechanical and structural properties. Carbon nanotubes have been shown to be electrically conductive, while concurrently having high tensile strength and elasticity, as well as the ability to absorb gas molecules as nanocapillaries, the potential of further chemical functionalization, and chemical and thermostability. These qualities make carbon nanotubes prime candidates for use in nanomolecular and/or electronic devices.

REPORT SUMMARY

Nanocarbon products include single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT), fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanofiber and nanodiamonds. Production capacity for all products increased from 996 metric tons in 2008 to more than 2190 tons in 2009 and 4065 tons of capacity in 2010, and is expected to exceed 12,300 tons in 2015, a compound annual growth rate of 24.8% a year. Total production value is expected to reach about $435 million in 2010 and reach a value of $1.3 billion in 2015.

Major findings of this report are:

• Production capacity far exceeds actual production. Only about 340 tons of carbon nano products were produced in 2008, about 500 tons in 2009 and about 710 tons are expected to have been produced in 2010, which represents about 17% of capacity. However, actual production is expected to reach more than 9300 tons in 2015, representing a growth rate of 67.3% annually and about 80% of production capacity.

• Prices for all products are expected to fall by an average of about 12% a year for the next five years.

• Growth is chiefly driven by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. World production capacity for multi-wall carbon nanotubes exceeded 390 tons in 2008, reached 1,500 tons in 2009, and is expected to exceed 3,400 tons per year (tpy) by the end of 2010. Producytion capacity for MWNT is projected to reach 9,400 tons by 2015.

• SWNTs are the most expensive nano carbon product. They are much more difficult to produce than MWCNTs and are best suited for electronic applications. In 10 to 15 years, SWNT are expected to replace silicon as the key material in computer chips.

• Despite the quickly growing capacity for carbon nanotubes, demand has not yet caught up with capacity. However, manufacturers have been increasing capacity in order to be ready to capitalize on that future demand, which is expected to grow rapidly over the next five to ten years.

• For both SWNTs and MWNTs, Asia's production capacity is two to three times higher than that estimated for North America and Europe combined; Japan is the prominent leader in the production of MWNTs, but China and Korea are rapidly catching up. Use of CNTs in lithium-ion battery electrodes is the current driving force of ton-scale MWNT production in Japan.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONI

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVESII

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDYII

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDYIII

SCOPE AND FORMATIV

METHODOLOGYV

INFORMATION SOURCESV

WHOM THE STUDY CATERS TOVI

AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALSVI

AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALS (CONTINUED)VII

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYVIII

SUMMARY TABLE A NANOCARBON GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY (TONS)VIII

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CONTINUED)IX

SUMMARY FIGURE A NANOCARBON GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY 2010-2015 (TONS)X

SUMMARY TABLE B GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF CARBON NANO MATERIALS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 (TONS)XI

SUMMARY FIGURE B GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF CARBON NANO MATERIALS BY TYPE, 2010-2015 (TONS)XII

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CONTINUED)XIII

SUMMARY TABLE C PRICE SUMMARY FOR NANO CARBON MATERIALS PER TON (PRICES ARE IN THOUSANDS (K) AND MILLIONS (M) PER METRIC TON)XIV

SUMMARY TABLE D NANOCARBON PRODUCTION VALUE ACCORDING TO TYPES. 2010-2015 ($ MILLIONS)XV

SUMMARY FIGURE C NANOCARBON PRODUCTION VALUE ACCORDING TO TYPES. 2010-2015 ($ MILLIONS)XVI

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CONTINUED)XVII

CNT TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY OVERVIEW1

FIGURE 1 COMPARISON OF DIAMETERS OF VARIOUS FIBROUS CARBON BASED MATERIALS1

FIGURE 2 NANOCARBON FAMILY2

HISTORY3

TYPES OF NANOTUBES4

FIGURE 3 TYPES OF NANOTUBES: MWNT, DWNT, SWMT, ARMCHAIR, ZIGZAG CHIRAL4

TABLE 1 TYPES OF CARBON NANOTUBES SUPPLIED5

SINGLE WALL NANO TUBE (SWNT)6

FIGURE 4 TYPES OF SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES: METALLIC, SEMICONDUCTOR AND SEMI-METAL7

FIGURE 5 SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBE TYPES8

ARMCHAIR/METALLIC SWNT8

CHIRAL/SEMICONDUCTING SWNT9

ZIGZAG/SEMI-METAL SWNT9

FET GRADE SWNT9

MULTIPLE WALL NANOTUBE (MWNT)10

DWNT/DOUBLE WALL NANOTUBE10

INDUSTRIAL GRADE MWNT11

RESEARCH GRADE MWNT11

ALIGNED MWNT11

FUNCTIONALIZED SWNT & MWNT12

BUCKY PAPER13

CARBON NANOFIBERS14

FIGURE 6 CARBON NANOFIBERS14

GRAPHENE15

GRAPHENE (CONTINUED)16

GRAPHENE (CONTINUED)17

GRAPHENE (CONTINUED)18

THERMALLY EXFOLIATED GRAPHITE OXIDE19

AA STACKED GRAPHENE20

GRAPHENE NANOMESH20

GRAPHENE NANOMESH (CONTINUED)21

NANOPATTERNED GRAPHENE22

FULLERENES22

FULLERENES (CONTINUED)23

NANODIAMONDS24

NANODIAMOND SYNTHESIZED AT DREXEL UNIVERSITY24

NANODIAMOND SYNTHESIZED AT DREXEL UNIVERSITY (CONTINUED)25

FIGURE 7 NANODIAMONDS26

FIGURE 8 "MARIMO (CLADOPHORA SAUTERI)" CARBON27

CNT QUALITIES AND PROPERTIES28

TABLE 2 CARBON NANOTUBE QUALITIES29

TABLE 3 CARBON NANOTUBE TECHNOLOGY FACTORS30

TABLE 4 COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES31

TABLE 5 SWNT AND MWNT PROPERTIES COMPARISON32

TABLE 6 TENSILE STRENGTH COMPARISON (MEGAPASCAL-MPA)33

FIGURE 9 TENSILE STRENGTH COMPARISON ULTIMATE STRENGTH (MPA)33

FIGURE 10 RELATIVE SPECIFIC STRENGTH (KN•M/KG)34

TABLE 7 RELATIVE SPECIFIC STRENGTH KILONEWTON PER SQUARE METER (KN M2/KG)35

PRICING AND VALUE TRENDS FOR CARBON NANOTUBES35

MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES PRICES AND VALUES35

TABLE 8 PRICES FOR MULTI-WALL NANOTUBES BASED ON DIAMETER AND QUANTITY36

TABLE 9 MWNT GROWTH 2010-201537

FIGURE 11 PRICING TREND FOR MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES ($1,000 PER TON)38

TABLE 10 MULTI-WALL CARBON NANOTUBES: PRICE, CAPACITY, PRODUCTION, VALUE, 2010-201538

TABLE 11 MULTI WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE -MWNTS PRICES39

TABLE 12 GRAPHITIZED MULTI WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES PRICING39

SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES PRICES AND VALUES40

TABLE 13 SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES: CAPACITY, PRICE, PRODUCTION, 2010-201540

FIGURE 12 PRICING TREND FOR SWNT NANOTUBES (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS PER TON)41

TABLE 14 SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES PRODUCTION SCENARIOS, 2010-201542

TABLE 15 SINGLE WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE PRICES43

TABLE 16 NOH FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES -OH CNTS PRICING44

TABLE 17 COOH FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES -COOH CNTS PRICING45

TABLE 18 SHORT CARBON NANOTUBES (SHORT CNTS) PRICING46

TABLE 19 SHORT OH FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES PRICES46

TABLE 20 SHORT COOH FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBE PRICES47

TABLE 21 INDUSTRIAL GRADE CARBON NANOTUBES –IGCNTS PRICES48

CNT MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION CAPACITY, PRODUCTION AND VALUE49

TABLE 22 NANOCARBON GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY (TONS)49

FIGURE 13 ILLUSTRATION OF NANOCARBON PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY TYPES, 2010-2015 (TONS)50

TABLE 23 MARKET SHARES OF CARBON NANOMATERIAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY 2010 AND 201551

FIGURE 14 SHARES OF CARBON NANOMATERIAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY 2010 & 201551

TABLE 24 NANOCARBON FULL CAPACITY VALUE ($ MILLIONS)52

FIGURE 15 NANOCARBON FULL CAPACITY VALUE, 2010-201552

TABLE 25 MARKET SHARE OF NANOCARBON MATERIALS FULL CAPACITY VALUE, 2010 AND 201553

FIGURE 16 MARKET SHARE OF NANOCARBON MATERIALS FULL CAPACITY VALUE 2010 201553

TABLE 26 NANOCARBON GLOBAL PRODUCTION, 2010-2015 (TONS)54

FIGURE 17 NANOCARBON GLOBAL PRODUCTION, 2010-201555

TABLE 27 NANOCARBON PRODUCTION VALUE 2010-2015 (MILLIONS $)56

FIGURE 18 NANOCARBON PRODUCTION VALUE, 2010-201556

TABLE 28 MARKET SHARE VALUES AND PERCENTAGES IN 2010 AND 201557

FIGURE 19 2010 AND 2015 MARKET SHARE VALUE BY TYPE OF CARBON NANOMATERIAL57

TABLE 29 PRICE SUMMARY FOR CARBON NANOMATERIALS PER TON (PRICES ARE IN THOUSANDS (K) AND MILLIONS (M) OF DOLLARS PER METRIC TON)58

MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWNT)58

TABLE 30 MWNT CAPACITY, PRODUCTION, PRICE AND VALUE 2010-201559

FIGURE 20 MULTIWALL NANOTUBES PRODUCTION CAPACITY 2004-201559

FIGURE 21 VALUE OF MWNT, 2010-201560

TABLE 31 MWNT CARBON NANOTUBES: CAPACITY, PRODUCTION, VALUE PRICE, VALUE SCENARIOS, 2010-201561

TABLE 32 TOP MWNT PRODUCERS BY CAPACITY62

TABLE 33 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN CNT PRODUCTION 1983-201563

SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (SWNT)64

TABLE 34 SWNT GROWTH CAPACITY, PRODUCTION VALUE AND PRICE 2010-201565

FIGURE 22 SWNT PRODUCTION 2004-201565

TABLE 35 SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES: CAPACITY, PRODUCTION, VALUE, PRICE, SCENARIOS, 2010-201566

TABLE 36 TOP SWNT PRODUCERS67

TABLE 37 TIMELINE FOR SWNT PRODUCTION68

TABLE 37 (CONTINUED)69

FULLERENES69

TABLE 38 FULLERENES: CAPACITY, PRICE, PRODUCTION, 2010-201570

TABLE 39 FULLERENES: CAPACITY, PRICE, PRODUCTION SCENARIOS, 2010-201570

FULLERENES (CONTINUED)71

TABLE 40 FULLERENE MARKET LEADERS72

TABLE 41 TIMELINE FOR FULLERENE PRODUCTION73

TABLE 41 (CONTINUED)74

CARBON NANOFIBER75

TABLE 42 CARBON NANOFIBER GROWTH TONS AND PRICE PER POUND AND VALUE $ MILLIONS75

TABLE 43 CARBON NANOFIBER SCENARIOS, GROWTH TONS AND PRICE PER POUND AND VALUE $ MILLIONS76

TABLE 44 TOP TEN CARBON NANOFIBER MANUFACTURERS, CAPACITY77

TABLE 45 CARBON NANOFIBER PRODUCTION TIMELINE77

GRAPHENE78

TABLE 46 GRAPHENE GROWTH AND PRICE PER POUND AND VALUE78

TABLE 47 GRAPHENE GROWTH SCENARIOS TONS AND PRICE PER POUND AND VALUE79

TABLE 48 TOP GRAPHENE MANUFACTURERS80

TABLE 49 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION TIMELINE81

WORLD PRODUCTION CAPACITY81

TABLE 50 NANO CARBON PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY REGION 2009, 2010, 201582

FIGURE 23 CARBON NANOTUBE PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY REGION 2009, 2010, 201582

FIGURE 24 NANO CARBON PRODUCTION SHIFT 2009, 2010, AND 2015 REGION, TONS, MARKET SHARE 2009 BY REGION, TONS, MARKET SHARE 201083

PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY REGION84

ASIA84

TABLE 51 ASIAN PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2009-201584

TABLE 51 (CONTINUED)85

EUROPE85

TABLE 52 EUROPE CARBON NANOTUBE CAPACITY BY COMPANY86

NORTH AMERICA86

TABLE 53 NORTH AMERICA CARBON NANOTUBE CAPACITY BY COMPANY87

CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS88

ASIAN NANO CARBON MANUFACTURERS (89)88

CHINA88

TABLE 54 CHINESE CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS88

ALPHANANO TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD88

ARKNANO/FEIBO (SHANGHAI) CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD88

CARBON NANO MATERIALS R&D CENTER/ CHENGDU DESRAN TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD89

HENAN UNION ABRASIVES CORP.89

HEJI89

QINHUANGDAO TAIJI RING NANO-PRODUCTS CO., LTD.89

SHANGHAI ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC & TRADING CO., LTD.89

SHENYANG GINA NEW MATERIALS89

SHENZHEN DYNANONIC CO., LTD.89

SHENZHEN NANOTECH PORT CO (NTP)89

TABLE 54 (CONTINUED)89

TSINGHUA-NAFINE NANO-POWDER90

YUHANG90

TABLE 54 (CONTINUED)90

INDIA91

TABLE 55 INDIAN CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS91

CARBON NANO MATERIALS91

INDIAN OIL CORPORATION91

INNOVATIONS UNIFIED TECHNOLOGIES91

INTELLIGENT MATERIALS PVT LTD91

MONAD NANOTECH PVT.91

NANOFACTOR MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES91

NANOSHEL91

TECHNANO MATERIALS PVT LTD91

CHEMPURE PVT LTD91

JAPAN92

TABLE 56 JAPANESE CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS93

CARBON NANOTUBE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (CNRI)93

FLOX CORPORATION93

FRONTIER CARBON CORPORATION93

GSI CREOS93

HITACHI ZOSEN CORP.93

HODOGAYA CHEMICAL94

HONJO CHEMICAL94

TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)94

IDEAL STAR94

JFE HOLDINGS94

MITSUBISHI CORPORATION95

MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL CORPORATION95

MITSUBISHI/ FRONTIER CARBON CORP95

MITSUI & CO.95

MITSUYA BOEKI95

NANO CARBON TECHNOLOGIES (NCT)95

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY95

NEC CORPORATION95

NEW METALS AND CHEMICALS CORPORATION, LTD. (TOKYO, JP)95

TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)95

NIKKISO96

TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)96

SANKEI GIKEN KOGYO96

SHOWA DENKO CARBON (SDK)96

SUMITOMO CORP.96

TOHO TENAX96

TOKYO FUTURE STYLE, INC.97

TOKYO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY97

TORAY INDUSTRIES INC.97

TOYO TANSO CO.97

TABLE 54 (CONTINUED)97

KOREA97

TABLE 57 KOREAN CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS98

APPLIED CARBON NANO TECHNOLOGY CO.98

BOHONG CO., LTD.98

CARBON NANO-MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD98

CARBON NANOTECHNOLOGIES INC.98

EM-POWER CO. LTD98

GSNANOTECH CO., LTD.98

HANWHA CHEMICAL CORP98

HANWHA NANOTECH CORPORATION/(FORMERLY ILJIN NANOTECH)98

TABLE 57 (CONTINUED)99

KUMHO PETROCHEMICAL99

NANOBEST CORP.99

NANOKARBON99

NANOSOLUTION CO., LTD99

NEXEN NANO TECH CO., LTD.99

SAMSUNG SDI99

WORLDTUBE CO. LTD.100

TABLE 57 (CONTINUED)100

OTHERS: AUSTRALIA, IRAN, TAIWAN, VIETNAM, ISRAEL100

TABLE 58 CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS: AUSTRALIA, IRAN, TAIWAN, VIETNAM101

A.Y.Y.T. - TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATION AND DATA UPDATE LTD.101

ADVANCE NANOPOWER INC.101

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY101

CARBONNANO PTE LTD.101

EDEN ENERGY101

HON HAI INDUSTRIAL (FOXCONN)101

INSTITUTE FOR MATERIAL SCIENCES101

IRCHEMIE101

TECO NANOTECH (TW)101

YEDA RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LTD.101

EUROPEAN MANUFACTURERS (31)102

TABLE 59 EUROPEAN CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS (16)102

ALFA AESAR (UK)102

AMO GMBH (AT)102

ARKEMA (FR)102

BAYER MATERIAL SCIENCES (DE)103

CANATU OY (FL)103

CARBEN SEMICON LTD (RU)103

CARBON NT&F 21 (AT)103

TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)103

CARBO-TEC GMBH (DE)103

C-POLYMERS (AT)103

ELECTROVAC (AT)103

FUTURECARBON GMBH (DE)104

INSTITUT NATIONAL POLYTECHNIQUE DE TOULOUSE ( INPT ) (FR)104

IOLITEC IONIC LIQUID TECHNOLOGIES GMBH (DE)104

TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)104

KAERIA SARL (FR)104

MEMAPLAST (DE)105

TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)105

NANOCARBLAB (NCL) (RU)105

NANOCYL (BE)105

NANOTHINX (GR)105

NEOTECHPRODUCT RESEARCH & PRODUCTION COMPANY, LTD. (RU)105

N-TEC (NO)105

PLASMACHEM GMBH105

TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)106

Q-FLO LTD106

ROSSETER HOLDINGS LTD. (CYPRUS)106

SCHUNK GRAPHITE TECHNOLOGY, LLC (DE)106

SGL GROUP (DE)106

SOLENNE (NE)106

SURREY NANOSYSTEMS (UK)106

THOMAS SWAN & CO. (UK)107

TIMCAL GRAPHITE & CARBON (CH)107

TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)107

NORTH AMERICA (85)107

TABLE 60 NORTH AMERICAN CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS (85)108

ADVANCED DIAMOND TECHNOLOGIES108

ADVANCED ENERGY TECHNOLOGY INC108

AHWAHNEE INC.108

AMERICAN DYE SOURCE, INC.108

AMERICAN ELEMENTS108

AMI DODUCO, INC.109

ANGSTRON109

APEX NANOMATERIALS109

APPLIED NANOTECH, INC.109

APPLIED SCIENCES, INC.109

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)109

ASBURY CARBONS, INC109

ATOMATE CORPORATION109

BLUE NANO INC.109

BREWER SCIENCE109

BUCKEYE COMPOSITES110

BUCKYUSA110

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)110

CABOT110

CARBOLEX110

CARBON SOLUTIONS INC.110

CATALYTIC MATERIALS LLC110

CATALYX NANOTECH110

CHEAP TUBES INC.111

CNANO111

CONTINENTAL CARBON COMPANY111

E-CITY NANO TECHNOLOGIES111

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)111

FULLERENE INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION/ MITSUBISHI111

GENERAL NANO LLC (GN)111

GRAPHENE SOLUTIONS112

HELIX MATERIAL SOLUTIONS, INC112

HONDA RESEARCH INSTITUTE USA, INC.112

HRL LABORATORIES, LLC112

HYPERION112

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)112

IDAHO SPACE MATERIALS, INC.112

KLEAN INDUSTRIES113

JENLAUR LTD.113

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)113

LIFTPORT GROUP113

LITMUS NANOTECHNOLOGY113

LUNA NANOWORKS/LUNA INNOVATIONS113

MATERIALS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (MER)114

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)114

MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES RESEARCH (MTR) LTD.114

MICROTECHNANO114

MKNANO114

MOLECULAR NANOSYSTEMS114

MP BIOMEDICALS114

NANO-C114

NANOCOMP TECHNOLOGIES114

NANOCRAFT114

NANOCS114

NANODYNAMICS114

NANOGRAPHITE MATERIALS115

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)115

NANOINTEGRIS115

NANOLAB115

NANOLEDGE115

NANOMAS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.115

NANONB CORP115

NANO-PROPRIETARY, INC.115

NANOSHEL LLC116

NANOSTRUCTURED & AMORPHOUS MATERIALS, INC.116

NANOSYS, INC.116

NANOTAILOR116

NANOTECHLABS116

NANTERO116

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL-CNRC116

PYROGRAF PRODUCTS116

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)116

RAYMOR INDUSTRIES INC.116

READE116

RICE UNIVERSITY SMALLEY INSTITUTE FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY117

SELAH TECHNOLOGIES117

SES RESEARCH117

SIGMA-ALDRICH117

SKYSPRING NANOMATERIALS INC.117

SOUTHWEST NANOTUBES (SWENT™)117

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)117

STANFORD MATERIALS117

STANFORD NANOELECTRONICS GROUP117

SUPERIOR GRAPHITE CO.117

TAILORED MATERIALS CORPORATION INC.118

TDA RESEARCH118

THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION118

UNIDYM/ARROWHEAD RESEARCH118

VORBECK MATERIALS CORP.118

XG SCIENCES118

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)118

XINTEK, INC.118

Y-CARBON118

ZYVEX PERFORMANCE MATERIALS119

TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)119

NANO CARBON PRODUCTION METHODS120

CNT PRODUCTION METHODS120

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (CVD)120

CCVD121

HWCVD121

ARC DISCHARGE121

FIGURE 25 ADVANCED ARC DISCHARGE PROCESS DEVELOPED AT MEIJO UNIVERSITY122

TABLE 61 COMPONENTS OF CNT PRODUCTION DEVICE122

LASER ABLATION123

TABLE 62 CNT PRODUCTION PROCESS COMPARISON123

OVEN LASER-VAPORIZATION124

FIGURE 26 DIAGRAM OF AN APPARATUS USING LASER PULSES TO VAPORIZE GRAPHITE TARGET TO PRODUCE SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES125

BALL MILLING125

OTHER MANUFACTURING METHODS126

AGGLOMERATE FLUIDIZED-BED AND NANO-REACTOR FOR CONTINUOUS MASS PRODUCTION126

AIST CVD APPARATUS FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF ALIGNED CNTS AT LOWER COST127

FIGURE 27 APPARATUS FOR CNT GROWTH128

AIST CVD APPARATUS FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF ALIGNED CNTS AT LOWER COST (CONTINUED)129

AIST MICRO PLASMA130

FIGURE 28 SWNT PRODUCED BY MICRO PLASMA PROCESS131

BIOMASS CONVERSION131

BIOMASS CONVERSION (CONTINUED)132

FIGURE 29 MICROWAVE PROCESS FOR CARBON AND CARBON-METAL NANOSTRUCTURES133

CARBON NANOTUBES GROWN ON NANOSTRUCTURED FLAKE SUBSTRATES134

COMOCAT®134

FIGURE 30 COMOCAT® PROCESS135

DIRECT GROWTH OF ALIGNED CARBON NANOTUBES ON BULK METALS136

GRAPHENE PRODUCTION BREAKTHROUGH136

FIGURE 31 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE OF A GRAPHENE DEVICE137

GRAPHENE PRODUCTION BREAKTHROUGH (CONTINUED)138

GRAPHENE PRODUCTION BREAKTHROUGH (CONTINUED)139

FIGURE 32 IMAGES OF HEADWATERS CARBON NANOSPHERES140

HIGH PRESSURE CARBON MONOXIDE PROCESSING (HIPCO)140

HONDA RESEARCH INSTITUTE140

HONDA RESEARCH INSTITUTE (CONTINUED)141

HODOGAYA CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR 3D NANO CARBON FIBROUS STRUCTURE142

FIGURE 33 SEM NANOCARBON FIBROUS STRUCTURE142

IONIC BOMBARDMENT FOR CNT SYNTHESIS143

JFE ENGINEERING ROTATING ARC144

FIGURE 34 JFE ROTATING ARC145

MANUFACTURING ADDUCTS MADE WITH CARBON NANOTUBE145

MICROPHASE DESKTOP CVD PRODUCTION OF CNT146

FIGURE 35 DESKTOP SYSTEM BY MICROPHASE AND A SCHEMATIC OF ITS OPERATION146

MICROWAVE PLASMA147

MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS OF METAL-CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES147

FIGURE 36 MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS OF METAL-CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES147

FIGURE 37 NANOMETER MWNTS SYNTHESIZED BY MICROWAVE RADIATION148

OFFSET OPPOSED JET-STIRRED REACTOR (OOJSR)149

PAKISTANI PROCESS PRODUCES HYDROGEN FOR FUEL CELLS AND HIGH PURITY CARBON NANOTUBES150

FIGURE 38 PROCESS TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND HIGH PURITY CARBON NANOTUBES150

PICOCAL/ SCANNING PROBE GROWTH™ AND NANOCVD151

PLASMA152

PLASMA METHOD- NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH153

PLASMET INDUSTRIAL SCALE HIGH TEMPERATURE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA154

PLASMET INDL SCALE HIGH TEMPERATURE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA (CONTINUED)155

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES156

PYROLYSIS TECHNOLOGY- EDEN ENERGY AND INDIAN OIL CORPORATION156

FIGURE 39 CNT PRODUCED BY PYROLYSIS156

PYROLYSIS TECHNOLOGY- EDEN ENERGY AND INDIAN OIL CORPORATION (CONTINUED)157

FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS OF METAL FREE CARBON NANOTUBES158

SAMSUNG LOW TEMPERATURE CNT MANUFACTURING159

UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO160

CARBON NANOTUBE SUPPORTS160

CARBONATE-BASED CATALYST SUPPORTS161

CARBONATE-BASED CATALYST SUPPORTS (CONTINUED)162

FIGURE 40 CNT GROWN ON CARBONATE-BASED CATALYST SUPPORTS163

IMPLANTATION163

ION-EXCHANGE METHOD163

PYROLYSIS OF CARBONYL COMPOUND164

REVERSE MICELLE METHOD164

SOLID SOLUTION METHOD164

SOL-GEL METHOD165

CARBON NANOTUBE CATALYSTS165

TABLE 63 CARBON NANOTUBE CATALYST MATERIALS166

CARBON NANOTUBE SOLVENTS AND DISPERSION AGENTS166

TABLE 64 CARBON NANOTUBE SOLVENTS AND DISPERSION AGENTS167

SURFACE MODIFYING AGENTS167

POLAR SOLVENTS168

POLAR ORGANIC SOLVENT168

SONICATION168

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT169

ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION AND NUCLEIC ACID DISPERSION169

ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION AND NUCLEIC ACID DISPERSION (CONTINUED)170

ZWITTERIONIC SURFACTANT/HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY171

TABLE 65 SOLVENTS FOR FULLERENES (MILLIGRAMS/MILLILITER)172

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION172

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION (CONTINUED)173

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION (CONTINUED)174

TABLE 66 CNT SEPARATION TECHNIQUES175

ABSORPTION- FISHING SYSTEM175

ABSORPTION- FISHING SYSTEM (CONTINUED)176

BROMINE SEPARATION AT ROOM TEMPERATURE177

BULK SEPARATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES BY BANDGAP178

CENTRIFUGATION SEPARATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES INTO CHIRALLY ENRICHED FRACTIONS178

DENSITY DIFFERENTIAL ENHANCEMENT METHODS FOR SEPARATING CARBON NANOTUBES179

DNA SEPARATION AND SORTING OF SWNT179

FIGURE 41 DNA SORTING180

ELECTROMAGNETIC AND LASER SEPARATION OF SWNT180

EXFOLIATION181

FLOW DIELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES182

FLAVIN MOIETIES182

FLUORINE GAS/SOXHLET EXTRACTION183

FREEZE-THAW SEPARATION183

FIGURE 42 SEPARATION BY FREEZE AND THAW184

FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERIC SEPARATION185

INDUSTRIAL SCALE CENTRIFUGAL METHOD185

LIQUID LIQUID SEPARATION186

LASER SEPARATION USING RESONANCE ABSORPTION186

NANOAFFIX SCIENCE LLC187

SEPARATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN DENSITY GRADIENTS188

STANFORD SEPARATION BY CHIRALITY189

VIOLOGEN SEPARATION189

EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS FOR CNT PRODUCTION AND CNT APPLICATIONS189

COMPANIES SUPPLYING EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS AND SYTEMS190

TABLE 67 MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT, TECHNIQUES FOR CARBON NANOTUBES AND CARBON NANOTUBE APPLICATIONS190

ADA TECHNOLOGIES190

ADVANCED DIAMOND TECHNOLOGIES190

ADVANCED EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.190

AIXTRON AG190

ARKEMA FRANCE190

ATOMATE190

BEIJING FUNATE INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. AND HON HAI PRECISION INDUSTRY CO., LTD.190

TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)191

BIO NANO CONSULTING191

BOSTON COLLEGE191

BROTHER INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION191

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY191

CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY191

CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY191

CENTRE DE RECHERCHE PAUL PASCAL (CRPP)191

CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE191

CEVP LTD.192

CHEVRONTEXACO MOLECULAR DIAMOND TECHNOLOGIES.192

COST (EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY)192

TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)192

E I DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY192

DREXEL UNIVERSITY192

ETAMOTA CORPORATION192

FIRST NANO, A DIVISION OF CVD EQUIPMENT CORPORATION192

FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION193

FRAUNHOFER IWS193

FUJI XEROX CO., LTD.193

TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)193

FUTABA CORPORATION193

HEADWATERS TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION, LLC193

HIELSCHER ULTRASONICS194

HON HAI PRECISION INDUSTRY AND TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY194

HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.194

HONDA RESEARCH INSTITUTE USA INC.194

IBM194

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE194

INTEMATIX CORP.194

TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)194

INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY CENTER194

ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY194

JAPAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE195

JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY195

LEUVEN NANOCENTER195

LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION195

TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)195

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY195

NARA MACHINERY CO., LTD.195

NACALAI USA196

NACALAI USA196

NANOCARBON RESEARCH INSTITUTE LTD.196

NANOCOMP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.196

TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)196

NANOGRADE196

NANOHAND196

NANOINTECH197

NANORIDGE197

NANOSEMBLY, LLC197

NANOTECHNOLOGY NETWORK PROJECT197

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE197

NANOWAL, UNIVERSITÉ CATHERIQUE DE LOUVAIN (UCL)197

TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)197

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY197

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE ASSOCIATES198

NEW ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (NEDO)198

NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY198

TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)198

NEXGEN SEMI HOLDING, INC.198

OXFORD INSTRUMENTS198

Q

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