Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies
NEW YORK, Nov. 30, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0203537/Cell-Therapy---Technologies-Markets-and-Companies.html#utm_source=prnewswire&utm_medium=pr&utm_campaign=Biological_Therapy
Summary
This report describes and evaluates cell therapy technologies and methods, which have already started to play an important role in the practice of medicine. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is replacing the old fashioned bone marrow transplants. Role of cells in drug discovery is also described. Cell therapy is bound to become a part of medical practice.
Stem cells are discussed in detail in one chapter. Some light is thrown on the current controversy of embryonic sources of stem cells and comparison with adult sources. Other sources of stem cells such as the placenta, cord blood and fat removed by liposuction are also discussed. Stem cells can also be genetically modified prior to transplantation.
Cell therapy technologies overlap with those of gene therapy, cancer vaccines, drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Pharmaceutical applications of stem cells including those in drug discovery are also described. Various types of cells used, methods of preparation and culture, encapsulation and genetic engineering of cells are discussed. Sources of cells, both human and animal (xenotransplantation) are discussed. Methods of delivery of cell therapy range from injections to surgical implantation using special devices.
Cell therapy has applications in a large number of disorders. The most important are diseases of the nervous system and cancer which are the topics for separate chapters. Other applications include cardiac disorders (myocardial infarction and heart failure), diabetes mellitus, diseases of bones and joints, genetic disorders, and wounds of the skin and soft tissues.
Regulatory and ethical issues involving cell therapy are important and are discussed. Current political debate on the use of stem cells from embryonic sources (hESCs) is also presented. Safety is an essential consideration of any new therapy and regulations for cell therapy are those for biological preparations.
The cell-based markets was analyzed for 2010, and projected to 2020.The markets are analyzed according to therapeutic categories, technologies and geographical areas. The largest expansion will be in diseases of the central nervous system, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Skin and soft tissue repair as well as diabetes mellitus will be other major markets.
The number of companies involved in cell therapy has increased remarkably during the past few years. More than 500 companies have been identified to be involved in cell therapy and 278 of these are profiled in part II of the report along with tabulation of 268 alliances. Of these companies, 160 are involved in stem cells. Profiles of 69 academic institutions in the US involved in cell therapy are also included in part II along with their commercial collaborations. The text is supplemented with 52 Tables and 11 Figures. The bibliography contains 1,050 selected references, which are cited in the text.
CELL THERAPY 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
0. Executive Summary 23
1. Introduction to Cell Therapy 27
Introduction 27
Historical landmarks of cell therapy 27
Interrelationship of cell therapy technologies 29
Cells and organ transplantation 29
Cells and protein/gene therapy 30
Cell therapy and regenerative medicine 31
Cells therapy and tissue engineering 31
Therapy based on cells involved in disease 32
Advantages of therapeutic use of cells 32
Cell-based drug delivery 33
Cells as vehicles for gene delivery 33
Red blood cells as vehicles for drug delivery 33
Advantages of cell-based drug delivery 33
Limitations of cell-based drug delivery 34
2. Cell Therapy Technologies 35
Introduction 35
Cell types used for therapy 35
Sources of cells 35
Xenografts 36
Cell lines 36
Immortalized cells 36
Blood component therapy 36
Therapeutic apheresis 36
Leukoreduction 37
Platelet therapy 37
Basic technologies for cell therapy 38
Cell culture 38
Automated cell culture devices 38
Cell culture for adoptive cell therapy 39
Observation of stem cell growth and viability 39
Companies involved in cell culture 39
Cell sorting 41
Flow cytometry 41
A dielectrophoretic system for cell separation 42
Adult stem cell sorting by identification of surface markers 42
ALDESORTER system for isolation of stem cells 42
Dynabead technology for cell sorting 42
Molecular beacons for specific detection and isolation of stem cells 43
Multitarget magnetic activated cell sorter 43
Nanocytometry 43
Scepter™ cytometer 44
Companies supplying cell sorters 44
Cell analysis 45
Cell analyzers 45
In vivo cell imaging 45
Measuring cell density 46
Single-cell gene expression analysis 46
Preservation of cells 47
Innovations in cryopreservation 47
Packaging of cells 48
Selective expansion of T cells for immunotherapy 48
Cloning and cell therapy 49
Techniques for cell manipulation 49
Cell-based drug discovery 50
Advantages and limitations of cell-based assays for drug discovery 50
Advantages and limitations of cell-based toxicity screening 50
Quality control of cells for drug discovery 51
Companies involved in cell-based drug discovery 51
Drug delivery systems for cell therapy 53
Intravenous delivery of stem cells 53
Pharmacologically active microcarriers 53
Devices for delivery of cell therapy 54
Artificial cells 55
Applications of artificial cells 55
Cell encapsulation 55
Diffusion capsule for cells 56
Encapsulated cell biodelivery 56
Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells 56
Nitric oxide delivery by encapsulated cells 58
Implantation of microencapulated genetically modified cells 58
Ferrofluid microcapsules for tracking with MRI 59
Companies involved in encapsulated cell technology 59
Electroporation 60
Gene therapy 60
Cell-mediated gene therapy 61
Fibroblasts 61
Chondrocyte 62
Skeletal muscle cells 62
Vascular smooth muscle cells 63
Keratinocytes 63
Hepatocytes 63
Lymphocytes 63
Mammalian artificial chromosomes 64
In vivo tracking of cells 64
Molecular imaging for tracking cells 64
MRI technologies for tracking cells 65
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents 66
Visualization of gene expression in vivo by MRI 66
Role of nanobiotechnology in development of cell therapy 66
Cell transplantation for development of organs 67
Cells transplantation and tolerance 67
Strategies to improve tolerance of transplanted cells 68
Encapsulation to prevent immune rejection 68
Prevention of rejection of xenotransplants 68
Expansion of allospecific regulatory T cells 68
Removal and replacement of pathogenic cells of the body 69
Therapeutic leukocytapheresis 69
3. Stem Cells 71
Introduction 71
Biology of stem cells 72
Embryonic stem cells 72
Growth and differentiation of ESCs 72
Mechanisms of differentiation of ESCs 73
Chemical regulation of stem cell differentiation 73
In vitro differentiation of hESCs 73
SIRT1 regulation during stem cell differentiation 73
Regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation 74
hESCs for reprogramming human somatic nuclei 74
Stem cells differentiation in the pituitary gland 74
Influence of microenvironment on ESCs 75
Role of genes in differentiation of ESCs 75
Global transcription in pluripotent ESCs 75
Role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in stem cell differentiation 76
Role of Pax3 gene in stem cell differentiation 76
Signaling pathways and ESC genes 76
Epigenetics of hESCs 77
Chromatin as gene regulator for ESC development 77
Comparison of development of human and mouse ESCs 78
Mechanism of regulation of stem cells for regeneration of body tissues 78
Role of microenvironments in the regulation of stem cells 79
Regulation and regeneration of intestinal stem cells 79
Parthenogenesis and human stem cells 79
Uniparental ESCs 80
Bone marrow stem cells 81
Hematopoietic stem cells 81
Role of HSCs in the immune system 83
Derivation of HSCs from ESCs 83
Mesenchymal stem cells 83
Multipotent adult progenitor cells 85
Side population (SP) stem cells 85
Differentiation of adult stem cells 86
Growth and differentiation of HSCs 87
Signaling pathways in the growth and differentiation of HSCs 87
Mathematical modeling of differentiation of HSCs 87
Role of prions in self renewal of HSCs 88
Sources of stem cells 88
Sources of of human embryonic stem cells 88
Nuclear transfer to obtain hESCs 88
Direct derivation of hESCs from embryos without nuclear transfer 89
Alternative methods of obtaining hESCs 90
Establishing hESC lines without destruction of embryo 90
Altered nuclear transfer 91
Small embryonic-like stem cells 91
Advantages and disadvantages of ESCs for transplantation 91
Use of ESC cultures as an alternative source of tissue for transplantation 92
Spermatogonial stem cells 93
Amniotic fluid as a source of stem cells 94
Amniotic fluid stem cells for tissue repair and regeneration 94
Generation of iPS cells from AF cells 94
Placenta as source of stem cells 95
Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells 95
Placenta as a source of HSCs 96
Umbilical cord as a source of MSCs 96
Umbilical cord blood as source of neonatal stem cells 96
Cryopreservation of UCB stem cells 97
UCB as source of MSCs 97
Applications of UCB 98
Advantages of UCB 98
Limitations of the use of UCB 99
Licensing and patent disputes involving UCB 100
Infections following UCB transplants 100
Unanswered questions about UCB transplantation 101
Companies involved in UCB banking 101
UCB banking in the UK 102
US national UCB banking system 103
Future prospects of UCB as a source of stem cells 104
Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human somatic cells 104
Characteristics of iPSCs 105
DNA methylation patterns of iPS cells 105
iPSCs derived from oocytes through SCNT 105
iPSCs derived from skin 106
iPSCs derived from blood 106
Use of retroviral vectors for generation of iPSCs 107
Use of non-integrating viral vectors for generation of iPSCs 107
Generation of clinically relevant iPSCs 108
Generation of RBCs from iPSCs 109
iPSCs and disease modeling 109
iPSCs for patient-specific regenerative medicine 110
Concluding remarks about clinical potential of iPSCs 110
Induced conditional self-renewing progenitor cells 110
Sources of adult human stem cells 111
Adipose tissue as a source of stem cells 111
Intravenous infusion of adipose tissue derived MSCs 112
iPSCs derived from adult human adipose stem cells 112
Regulation of adipose stem cells differentiation 112
Transforming adult adipose stem cells into other cells 113
Multipotent stem-like cells derived from vascular endothelial cells 113
Skin as a source of stem cells 113
Controlling the maturation of embryonic skin stem cells 113
Epidermal neural crest stem cells 114
Follicle stem cells 114
Mesenchymal stem cells in skin 115
Regulation of stem cells in hair follicles 115
Skin-derived precursor cells 115
Stem cells in teeth 116
Peripheral blood stem cells 116
Spleen as a source of adult stem cells 117
Search for master stem cells 117
Vascular cell platform to self-renew adult HSC 117
Adult stem cells vs embryonic stem cells 118
Biological differences between adult and embryonic stem cells 118
Neural crest stem cells from adult hair follicles 118
Transdifferentiation potential of adult stem cells 119
Limitations of adult stem cells 120
Comparison of human stem cells according to derivation 120
VENT cells 121
Stem cell banking 121
Stem cell technologies 122
Analysis of stem cell growth and differentiation 122
Tracking self-renewal and expansion of transplanted muscle stem cells 122
Stem cell biomarkers 122
Endoglin as a functional biomarker of HSCs 123
STEMPRO? EZChek? for analysis of biomarkers of hESCs 123
SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSCs 123
p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cells 123
Neural stem cell biomarker 124
Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cells 124
Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarkers 124
Study of stem cell pathways 125
Study of stem cell genes 125
Gene inactivation to study hESCs 125
RNAi to study gene inactivation in hESCs 126
Study of ESC development by inducible RNAi 126
Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes 127
Homologous recombination of ESCs 127
Immortalization of hESCs by telomerase 127
Gene modification in genomes of hESCs and hiPSCs using zinc-finger nuclease 128
miRNA and stem cells 128
Role of miRNAs in gene regulation during stem cell differentiation 128
Influence of miRNA on stem cell formation and maintenance 129
Transcriptional regulators of ESCs control miRNA gene expression 129
Stem cells and cloning 130
Cell nuclear replacement and cloning 130
Nuclear transfer and ESCs 130
Cloning from differentiated cells 131
Cloning mice from adult stem cells 132
Creating interspecies stem cells 132
Cloned cells for transplantation medicine 133
Claims of cloning of hESCs 133
Cytogenetics of embryonic stem cells 134
Engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cells 135
Adipogenesis induced by adipose tissue-derived stem cells 136
Antisense approach for preservation and expansion of stem cells 136
Biomatrials for ESC growth 137
Chemoattraction of neuronal stem cells through GABA receptor 137
Enhancement of HSC engraftment by calcium-sensing receptor 137
Enhancement of stem cell differentiation by Homspera 138
Ex vivo expansion of human HSCs in culture 138
Ex vivo expansion of MSCs 139
Ex vivo expansion of UCB cells for transplantation 139
Expansion of HSCs in culture by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase 139
Expansion of adult stem cells by activation of Oct4 140
Expansion of transduced HSCs in vivo 140
Expansion of stem cells in vivo by Notch receptor ligands 140
Mobilization of HSCs by growth factors 140
Mobilization of stem cells by cytokines/chemokines 141
Mobilization of adult human HSCs by use of inhibitors 142
Mobilization of stem cells by HYC750 142
Mobilization of stem cells by hyperbaric oxygen 143
Mobilization by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors 143
Selective mobilization of progenitor cells from bone marrow 143
Selective Amplification 144
Stem cell mobilization by acetylcholine receptor agonists 144
Use of parathyroid hormone to increase HSC mobilzation 144
Technologies for inducing differentiation of stem cells 145
Use of lineage selection to induce differentiation of hESCs 145
Growth factor-induced differentiation of MAPCs 145
Neurotrophin-mediated survival and differentiation of hESCs 145
Generation of RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells 146
Generation of multiple types of WBCs from hESCs and iPSCs 146
Use of RNAi to expand the plasticity of autologous adult stem cells 146
Use of carbohydrate molecules to induce differentiation of stem cells 147
Mechanical strain to induce MSC differentiation 147
Limitations of the currently available stem cell lines in the US 147
Stem cell separation 148
Stem cell culture 148
Culture of hMSCs 149
Elimination of contaminating material in stem cell culture 149
Long-term maintenance of MSC multipotency in culture 150
Nanofiber scaffolds for stem cell culture 151
Conversion of stem cells to functioning adipocytes 151
Mass production of ESCs 152
Promoting survival of dissociated hESCs 152
Analysis and characterization of stem cells 152
Havesting and identification of EPCs 153
Labeling of stem cells 153
Labeling, imaging and tracking of stem cells in vivo 153
Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo 153
Project for imaging in stem cell therapy research 154
Quantum dots for labeling and imaging of stem cells 154
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for tracking MSCs 155
Applications of stem cells 155
Commercial development and applications of adult stem cells 156
Retrodifferentiation of stem cells 156
MultiStem 156
Controlling the maintenance process of hematopoietic stem cells 156
Self renewal and proliferation of HSCs 156
Aging and rejuvenation of HSCs 157
Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation 157
Role of stem cells in regeneration 157
Promotion of regeneration by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling 158
Stem cells and human reproduction 158
Expansion of spermatogonial stem cells 158
Conversion of ESCs into spermatogonial stem cells 159
Conversion of stem cells to oocytes 159
ESCs for treatment of infertility in women 160
Cloning human embryos from oocytes matured in the laboratory 160
In utero stem cell transplantation 161
Innovations in delivery of stem cells 161
Polymeric capsules for stem cell delivery 162
Immunological aspects of hESC transplantation 162
Immunosuppression to prevent rejection of hESC transplants 162
Histocompatibility of hESCs 163
Strategies for promoting immune tolerance of hESCs 163
Stem cells for organ vascularization 164
Activation of EphB4 to enhance angiogenesis by EPCs 164
Advantages and limitations of clinical applications of MSCs 165
Biofusion by genetically engineering stem cells 165
Stem cell gene therapy 165
Combination of gene therapy with nuclear transfer 166
Gene delivery to stem cells by artificial chromosome expression 166
Genetic manipulation of ESCs 166
Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhancing angiogenesis 167
HSCs for gene therapy 167
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for gene transfer in ESCs 168
Lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer to stem cells 168
Linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer technology 168
Mesenchymal stem cells for gene therapy 169
Microporation for transfection of MSCs 169
Regulation of gene expression for SC-based gene therapy 169
Stem cells and in utero gene therapy 170
Therapeutic applications for hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer 170
The future of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy 170
Stem cell pharmaceutics 170
Cardiomyocytes derived from hESCs 171
ESCs as source of models for drug discovery 171
hESC-derived hepatocytes for drug discovery 172
Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cells 173
Role of stem cells in therapeutic effects of drugs 174
Stem cells for drug discovery 175
Stem cells for drug delivery 176
Stem cell activation for regeneration by using glucocortoids 176
Toxicology and drug safety studies using ESCs versus other cells 176
Future challenges for stem cell technologies 178
Study of the molecular mechanism of cell differentiation 178
MBD3-deficient ESC line 179
In vivo study of human hemopoietic stem cells 179
Stem cell biology and cancer 179
Research into plasticity of stem cells from adults 180
Stem cells and aging 180
Activation of bone marrow stem cells into therapeutic cells 181
Role of nitric oxide in stem cell mobilization and differentiation 182
Stem cell genes 182
Gene expression in hESCs 182
The casanova gene in zebrafish 183
Nanog gene 183
Stem cell proteomics 184
hESC phosphoproteome 185
Proteomic studies of mesenchymal stem cells 185
Proteomic profiling of neural stem cells 186
Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative 186
Genomic alterations in cultured hESCs 186
Hybrid embryos/cybrids for stem cell research 187
Generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells 187
Markers for characterizing hESC lines 188
Switch of stem-cell function from activators to repressors 189
Stem cell research at academic centers 189
International Regulome Consortium 190
Companies involved in stem cell technologies 191
Concluding remarks about stem cells 195
Challenges and future prospects of stem cell research 196
4. Clinical Applications of Cell Therapy 199
Introduction 199
Cell therapy for hematological disorders 199
Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells 199
Hemophilias 199
Ex vivo cell/gene therapy of hemophilia B 199
Cell/gene therapy of hemophilia A 200
Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for thrombocytopenia 201
Stem cell transplant for sickle cell anemia 201
Treatment of chronic acquired anemias 202
Implantation of genetically engineered HSCs to deliver rhEpo 202
Drugs acting on stem cells for treatment of anemia 202
Stem cell therapy of hemoglobinopathies 203
Stem cells for treatment of immunoglobulin-light chain amyloidosis 203
Future prospects of cell therapy of hematological disorders 203
Cell therapy for immunological disorders 204
Role of dendritic cells in the immune system 204
Modifying immune responses of DCs by vaccination with lipiodol-siRNA mixtures 204
Potential of MSCs as therapy for immune-mediated diseases 205
Stem cell therapy of chronic granulomatous disease 205
Stem cell therapy of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency 206
Stem cell therapy of autoimmune disorders 206
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with stem cells 206
Treatment of Crohn's disease with stem cells 207
Stem cell transplants for scleroderma 207
Role of T Cells in immunological disorders 208
Autologous T cells from adult stem cells 208
Cell therapy for graft vs host disease 209
MSCs for GVHD 210
Cell therapy for viral infections 210
T-cell therapy for CMV 210
T-cell therapy for HIV infection 211
T-cell immunity by Overlapping Peptide-pulsed Autologous Cells 211
Anti-HIV ribozyme delivered in hematopoietic progenitor cells 212
Dendritic-cell targeted DNA vaccine for HIV 212
Cell therapy of lysosomal storage diseases 212
Niemann-Pick disease 213
Gaucher's disease 213
Fabry's disease 214
Cell therapy for diabetes mellitus 214
Limitations of current treatment 215
Limitations of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus 215
Limitations of pancreatic transplantation 215
Islet cell transplantation 216
Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation in chronic pancreatitis 216
Clinical trials of pancreatic islet cell transplants for diabetes 216
Drawbacks of islet cell therapy 217
Use of an antioxidant peptide to improve islet cell transplantation 217
Cdk-6 and cyclin D1 enhance human beta cell replication and function 218
A device for delivery of therapeutic cells in diabetes 218
Monitoring of islet cell transplants with MRI 218
Concluding remarks about allogeneic islet transplantation for diabetes 219
Encapsulation of insulin producing cells 219
Encapsulated porcine pancreatic islet cells for pancreas 219
Encapsulated insulinoma cells 220
Magnetocapsule enables imaging/tracking of islet cell transplants 220
Islet precursor cells 221
Dedifferentiation of ? cells to promote regeneration 221
Pharmacological approaches for ? cell regeneration 222
Xenotransplantation of embryonic pancreatic tissue 222
Non-pancreatic tissues for generation of insulin-producing cells 223
Exploiting maternal microchimerism to treat diabetes in the child 223
Bio-artificial substitutes for pancreas 223
Role of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes 224
Embryonic stem cells for diabetes 224
HSC transplantation to supplement immunosuppressant therapy 225
Human neural progenitor cells converted into insulin-producing cells 225
Insulin-producing cells derived from UCB stem cells 226
iPS cells for diabetes 226
Isolation of islet progenitor cells 226
Pancreatic progenitor cells Expansion in vitro 227
Pancreatic stem cells 227
Stem cell injection into portal vein of diabetic patients 227
Dendritic cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes 228
Vaccine for diabetes 228
Gene therapy in diabetes 228
Viral vectors for gene therapy of diabetes 229
Genetically engineered dendritic cells 229
Genetically altered liver cells 229
Genetically modified stem cells 230
Companies developing cell therapy for diabetes 230
Concluding remarks about cell and gene therapy of diabetes 231
Cell therapy of gastrointestinal disorders 232
Inflammatory bowel disease 232
Cell therapy for liver disorders 233
Types of cells and methods of delivery for hepatic disorders 233
Bioartificial liver 234
Limitations of bioartificial liver 235
Stem cells for hepatic disorders 235
Deriving hepatocytes from commercially available hMSCs 236
Implantation of hepatic cells derived from hMSCs of adipose tissue 236
MSC derived molecules for reversing hepatic failure 236
Cell-based gene therapy for liver disorders 237
Transplantation of genetically modified fibroblasts 237
Transplantation of genetically modified hepatocytes 237
Intraperitoneal hepatocyte transplantation 238
Genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells 238
Use of iPSCs derived from somatic cells for liver regeneration 238
Clinical applications 238
Future prospects of cell-based therapy of hepatic disorders 239
Cell therapy of renal disorders 239
Bioartificial kidney 240
Cell-based repair for vascular access failure in renal disease 240
Mesangial cell therapy for glomerular disease 240
Stem cells for renal disease 241
Role of stem cells in renal repair 241
Bone marrow stem cells for renal disease 241
MSC therapy for renal disease 242
Cell therapy for pulmonary disorders 242
Delivery of cell therapy for pumonary disorders 242
Intratracheal injection of cells for pulmonary hypoplasia 242
Role of stem cells in pulmonary disorders 243
Lung stem cells 243
Lung tissue regeneration from stem cells 243
Role of stem cells in construction of the Cyberlung 244
Respiratory epithelial cells derived from UCB stem cells 244
Respiratory epithelial cells derived from hESCs 244
Lung tissue engineering with adipose stromal cells 245
Cell-based tissue-engineering of airway 245
Pulmonary disorders that can be treatable with stem cells 245
Acute lung injury and ARDS treated with MSCs 246
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia treated with MSCs 247
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with MSCs 247
Cystic fibrosis treatment with genetically engineered MSCs 247
Lung regeneration by integrin ?6?4-expressing alveolar epithelial cell 248
Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment with EPCs 248
Cell therapy for disorders of bones and joints 249
Repair of fractures and bone defects 249
Adult stem cells for bone grafting 250
Cell therapy for osteonecrosis 250
Cell therapy for cervical vertebral interbody fusion 250
ESCs for bone repair 251
Intrauterine use of MSCs for osteogenesis imperfecta 251
In vivo bone engineering as an alternative to cell transplantation 251
MSCs for repair of bone defects 251
MSCs for repair of bone fractures 254
Osteocel 255
Stem cells for repairing skull defects 255
Stem cell-based bone tissue engineering 255
Spinal fusion using stem cell-based bone grafts 256
Osteoarthritis and other injuries to the joints 257
Mosaicplasty 257
Autologous cultured chondrocytes 257
Autologous intervertebral disc chondrocyte transplantation 258
Cartilage repair by genetically modified fibroblasts expressing TGF-? 259
Generation of cartilage from stem cells 260
Role of cell therapy in repair of knee cartilage injuries 261
Role of cells in the repair of anterior cruciate ligament injury 263
Autologous tenocyte implantation in rotator cuff injury repair 263
Platelet injection for tennis elbow 264
Cell therapy of rheumatoid arthritis 264
Cell therapy for diseases of the eye 265
Cell therapy for corneal repair 265
Stem cell therapy for limbal stem cell deficiency 266
Role of stem cells in fibrosis following eye injury 267
Stem cell transplantation for radiation sickness 267
MSCs for treatment of radiation damage to the bone 267
MSCs for regeneration of ovaries following radiotherapy damage 268
Cell therapy for regeneration 268
Stem cells for regenerating organs 268
Umbilical cord blood for regeneration 269
Role of stem cells in regeneration of esophageal epithelium 269
Cell therapy for regeneration of muscle wasting 269
Wound healing: skin and soft tissue repair 270
Cells to form skin substitutes for healing ulcers 271
CellSpray for wound repair 271
Cell therapy for burns 272
Closure of incisions with laser guns and cells 273
Follicular stem cells for skin and wound repair 273
Reprogramming autologous stem cells for wound regeneration 274
Role of amniotic fluid MSCs in repair of fetal wounds 274
Genetically engineered keratinocytes for wound repair 274
MSCs for wound healing 275
Regeneration of aging skin by adipose-derived stem cells 275
Repair of aging skin by injecting autologous fibroblasts 275
Role of cells in tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery 275
Stem cells for tissue repair 275
Scaffolds for tissue engineering 276
Improving vascularization of engineered tissues 276
Enhancing vascularization by combining cell and gene therapy 277
Choosing cells for tissue engineering 277
ESCs vs adult SCs for tissue engineering 277
Use of adult MSCs for tissue engineering 278
Nanobiotechnology applied to cells for tissue engineering 279
Stem cells for tissue engineering of various organs 279
Engineering of healthy living teeth from stem cells 279
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells for breast reconstruction 280
Improving tissue engineering of bone by MSCs 281
Intra-uterine repair of congenital defects using amniotic fluid MSCs 281
Cell-based tissue engineering in genitourinary system 282
Urinary incontinence 282
Tissue engineering of urinary bladder 283
Label retaining urothelial cells for bladder repair 283
MSCs for bladder repair 284
Tissue-engineering of urethra using autologous cells 284
Repair of the pelvic floor with stem cells from the uterus 284
Reconstruction of vagina from stem cells 285
Facial skin regeneration by stem cells as an alternative to face transplant 285
Reconstruction of cartilage for repair of craniofacial defects 285
Cell therapy for rejuvenation 286
Cell therapy for performance enhancement in sports 286
Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine 286
Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries 286
Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs 287
5. Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorders 289
Introduction to cardiovascular disorders 289
Limitations of current therapies for myocardial ischemic disease 289
Types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders 289
Cell-mediated immune modulation for chronic heart disease 290
Human cardiovascular progenitor cells 291
Inducing the proliferation of cardiomyocytes 291
Role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis in stem cell therapies for myocardial ischemia 292
Role of splenic myocytes in repair of the injured heart 292
Reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes 292
Small molecules to enhance myocardial repair by stem cells 293
Cell therapy for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease 293
MyoCell™ (Bioheart) 294
Cardiac stem cells 294
Cardiomyocytes derived from epicardium 295
Methods of delivery of cells to the heart 295
Cellular cardiomyoplasty 296
IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for MI 296
Non-invasive delivery of cells to the heart by Morph®guide catheter 296
Cell therapy for cardiac revascularization 296
Transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells for revascularization of myocardium 296
Stem cells to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty 297
Role of cells in cardiac tissue repair 298
Modulation of cardiac macrophages for repair of infarct 298
Transplantation of myoblasts for myocardial infarction 298
Patching myocardial infarction with fibroblast culture 299
Cardiac repair with myoendothelial cells from skeletal muscle 299
Myocardial tissue engineering 299
Role of stem cells in repair of the heart 300
Role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration following injury 300
Cardiomyocytes derived from adult skin cells 301
Cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs 301
Studies to identify subsets of progenitor cells suitable for cardiac repair 302
Technologies for preparation of stem cells for cardiovascular therapy 303
Pravastatin for expansion of endogenous progenitor and stem cells 303
Cytokine preconditioning of human fetal liver CD133+ SCs 303
Expansion of adult cardiac stem cells for transplantation 304
Role of MSCs in growth of CSCs 304
Role of ESCs in repair of the heart 304
ESC transplantation for tumor-free repair of the heart 305
Transplantation of stem cells for myocardial infarction 306
Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapeutics 306
Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor stem cells 306
Transplantation of cord blood stem cells 306
Transplantation of hESCs 307
Transplantation of HSCs 307
Transplantation of autologous angiogenic cell precursors 308
Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells 308
Transplantation of bone marrow-derived cells for myocardial infarct 309
Intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells 310
Transplantation of endothelial cells 310
Transplantation of cardiomyocytes differentiated from hESCs 311
Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration 311
Regeneration of the chronic myocardial infarcts by HSC therapy 311
Human mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration 312
In vivo tracking of MSCs transplanted in the heart 313
MSCs for hibernating myocardium 313
Simultaneous transplantation of MSCs and skeletal myoblasts 313
Transplantation of genetically modified cells 314
Transplantation of genetically modified MSCs 314
Transplantation of cells secreting vascular endothelial growth factor 314
Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow stem cells 314
Cell transplantation for congestive heart failure 314
AngioCell gene therapy for congestive heart failure 315
Injection of adult stem cells for CHF 316
Intracoronary infusion of cardiac stem cells 316
Myoblasts for treatment of congestive heart failure 316
Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiac myopathy 317
Role of cell therapy in cardiac arrhythmias 317
Atrioventricular conduction block 318
Genetically engineered cells as biological pacemakers 318
Ventricular tachycardia 319
Prevention of myoblast-induced arrhythmias by genetic engineering 319
ESCs for correction of congenital heart defects 320
Cardiac progenitors cells for treatment of heart disease 320
Autologus stem cells for chronic myocardial ischemia 321
Role of cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering 321
Construction of blood vessels with cells 321
Engineered arteries for bypass grafts 322
Fetal cardiomyocytes seeding in tissue-engineered cardiac grafts 322
Targeted delivery of endothelial progenitor cells labeled with nanoparticles 322
UCB progenitor cells for engineering heart valves 322
Cell therapy for peripheral vascular disease 323
ALD-301 323
Cell/gene therapy for PVD 323
Cell therapy for CLI
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