Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies

NEW YORK, Nov. 30, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:

Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies

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Summary

This report describes and evaluates cell therapy technologies and methods, which have already started to play an important role in the practice of medicine. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is replacing the old fashioned bone marrow transplants. Role of cells in drug discovery is also described. Cell therapy is bound to become a part of medical practice.

Stem cells are discussed in detail in one chapter. Some light is thrown on the current controversy of embryonic sources of stem cells and comparison with adult sources. Other sources of stem cells such as the placenta, cord blood and fat removed by liposuction are also discussed. Stem cells can also be genetically modified prior to transplantation.

Cell therapy technologies overlap with those of gene therapy, cancer vaccines, drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Pharmaceutical applications of stem cells including those in drug discovery are also described. Various types of cells used, methods of preparation and culture, encapsulation and genetic engineering of cells are discussed. Sources of cells, both human and animal (xenotransplantation) are discussed. Methods of delivery of cell therapy range from injections to surgical implantation using special devices.

Cell therapy has applications in a large number of disorders. The most important are diseases of the nervous system and cancer which are the topics for separate chapters. Other applications include cardiac disorders (myocardial infarction and heart failure), diabetes mellitus, diseases of bones and joints, genetic disorders, and wounds of the skin and soft tissues.

Regulatory and ethical issues involving cell therapy are important and are discussed. Current political debate on the use of stem cells from embryonic sources (hESCs) is also presented. Safety is an essential consideration of any new therapy and regulations for cell therapy are those for biological preparations.

The cell-based markets was analyzed for 2010, and projected to 2020.The markets are analyzed according to therapeutic categories, technologies and geographical areas. The largest expansion will be in diseases of the central nervous system, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Skin and soft tissue repair as well as diabetes mellitus will be other major markets.

The number of companies involved in cell therapy has increased remarkably during the past few years. More than 500 companies have been identified to be involved in cell therapy and 278 of these are profiled in part II of the report along with tabulation of 268 alliances. Of these companies, 160 are involved in stem cells. Profiles of 69 academic institutions in the US involved in cell therapy are also included in part II along with their commercial collaborations. The text is supplemented with 52 Tables and 11 Figures. The bibliography contains 1,050 selected references, which are cited in the text.

CELL THERAPY 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

0. Executive Summary 23

1. Introduction to Cell Therapy 27

Introduction 27

Historical landmarks of cell therapy 27

Interrelationship of cell therapy technologies 29

Cells and organ transplantation 29

Cells and protein/gene therapy 30

Cell therapy and regenerative medicine 31

Cells therapy and tissue engineering 31

Therapy based on cells involved in disease 32

Advantages of therapeutic use of cells 32

Cell-based drug delivery 33

Cells as vehicles for gene delivery 33

Red blood cells as vehicles for drug delivery 33

Advantages of cell-based drug delivery 33

Limitations of cell-based drug delivery 34

2. Cell Therapy Technologies 35

Introduction 35

Cell types used for therapy 35

Sources of cells 35

Xenografts 36

Cell lines 36

Immortalized cells 36

Blood component therapy 36

Therapeutic apheresis 36

Leukoreduction 37

Platelet therapy 37

Basic technologies for cell therapy 38

Cell culture 38

Automated cell culture devices 38

Cell culture for adoptive cell therapy 39

Observation of stem cell growth and viability 39

Companies involved in cell culture 39

Cell sorting 41

Flow cytometry 41

A dielectrophoretic system for cell separation 42

Adult stem cell sorting by identification of surface markers 42

ALDESORTER system for isolation of stem cells 42

Dynabead technology for cell sorting 42

Molecular beacons for specific detection and isolation of stem cells 43

Multitarget magnetic activated cell sorter 43

Nanocytometry 43

Scepter™ cytometer 44

Companies supplying cell sorters 44

Cell analysis 45

Cell analyzers 45

In vivo cell imaging 45

Measuring cell density 46

Single-cell gene expression analysis 46

Preservation of cells 47

Innovations in cryopreservation 47

Packaging of cells 48

Selective expansion of T cells for immunotherapy 48

Cloning and cell therapy 49

Techniques for cell manipulation 49

Cell-based drug discovery 50

Advantages and limitations of cell-based assays for drug discovery 50

Advantages and limitations of cell-based toxicity screening 50

Quality control of cells for drug discovery 51

Companies involved in cell-based drug discovery 51

Drug delivery systems for cell therapy 53

Intravenous delivery of stem cells 53

Pharmacologically active microcarriers 53

Devices for delivery of cell therapy 54

Artificial cells 55

Applications of artificial cells 55

Cell encapsulation 55

Diffusion capsule for cells 56

Encapsulated cell biodelivery 56

Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells 56

Nitric oxide delivery by encapsulated cells 58

Implantation of microencapulated genetically modified cells 58

Ferrofluid microcapsules for tracking with MRI 59

Companies involved in encapsulated cell technology 59

Electroporation 60

Gene therapy 60

Cell-mediated gene therapy 61

Fibroblasts 61

Chondrocyte 62

Skeletal muscle cells 62

Vascular smooth muscle cells 63

Keratinocytes 63

Hepatocytes 63

Lymphocytes 63

Mammalian artificial chromosomes 64

In vivo tracking of cells 64

Molecular imaging for tracking cells 64

MRI technologies for tracking cells 65

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents 66

Visualization of gene expression in vivo by MRI 66

Role of nanobiotechnology in development of cell therapy 66

Cell transplantation for development of organs 67

Cells transplantation and tolerance 67

Strategies to improve tolerance of transplanted cells 68

Encapsulation to prevent immune rejection 68

Prevention of rejection of xenotransplants 68

Expansion of allospecific regulatory T cells 68

Removal and replacement of pathogenic cells of the body 69

Therapeutic leukocytapheresis 69

3. Stem Cells 71

Introduction 71

Biology of stem cells 72

Embryonic stem cells 72

Growth and differentiation of ESCs 72

Mechanisms of differentiation of ESCs 73

Chemical regulation of stem cell differentiation 73

In vitro differentiation of hESCs 73

SIRT1 regulation during stem cell differentiation 73

Regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation 74

hESCs for reprogramming human somatic nuclei 74

Stem cells differentiation in the pituitary gland 74

Influence of microenvironment on ESCs 75

Role of genes in differentiation of ESCs 75

Global transcription in pluripotent ESCs 75

Role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in stem cell differentiation 76

Role of Pax3 gene in stem cell differentiation 76

Signaling pathways and ESC genes 76

Epigenetics of hESCs 77

Chromatin as gene regulator for ESC development 77

Comparison of development of human and mouse ESCs 78

Mechanism of regulation of stem cells for regeneration of body tissues 78

Role of microenvironments in the regulation of stem cells 79

Regulation and regeneration of intestinal stem cells 79

Parthenogenesis and human stem cells 79

Uniparental ESCs 80

Bone marrow stem cells 81

Hematopoietic stem cells 81

Role of HSCs in the immune system 83

Derivation of HSCs from ESCs 83

Mesenchymal stem cells 83

Multipotent adult progenitor cells 85

Side population (SP) stem cells 85

Differentiation of adult stem cells 86

Growth and differentiation of HSCs 87

Signaling pathways in the growth and differentiation of HSCs 87

Mathematical modeling of differentiation of HSCs 87

Role of prions in self renewal of HSCs 88

Sources of stem cells 88

Sources of of human embryonic stem cells 88

Nuclear transfer to obtain hESCs 88

Direct derivation of hESCs from embryos without nuclear transfer 89

Alternative methods of obtaining hESCs 90

Establishing hESC lines without destruction of embryo 90

Altered nuclear transfer 91

Small embryonic-like stem cells 91

Advantages and disadvantages of ESCs for transplantation 91

Use of ESC cultures as an alternative source of tissue for transplantation 92

Spermatogonial stem cells 93

Amniotic fluid as a source of stem cells 94

Amniotic fluid stem cells for tissue repair and regeneration 94

Generation of iPS cells from AF cells 94

Placenta as source of stem cells 95

Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells 95

Placenta as a source of HSCs 96

Umbilical cord as a source of MSCs 96

Umbilical cord blood as source of neonatal stem cells 96

Cryopreservation of UCB stem cells 97

UCB as source of MSCs 97

Applications of UCB 98

Advantages of UCB 98

Limitations of the use of UCB 99

Licensing and patent disputes involving UCB 100

Infections following UCB transplants 100

Unanswered questions about UCB transplantation 101

Companies involved in UCB banking 101

UCB banking in the UK 102

US national UCB banking system 103

Future prospects of UCB as a source of stem cells 104

Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human somatic cells 104

Characteristics of iPSCs 105

DNA methylation patterns of iPS cells 105

iPSCs derived from oocytes through SCNT 105

iPSCs derived from skin 106

iPSCs derived from blood 106

Use of retroviral vectors for generation of iPSCs 107

Use of non-integrating viral vectors for generation of iPSCs 107

Generation of clinically relevant iPSCs 108

Generation of RBCs from iPSCs 109

iPSCs and disease modeling 109

iPSCs for patient-specific regenerative medicine 110

Concluding remarks about clinical potential of iPSCs 110

Induced conditional self-renewing progenitor cells 110

Sources of adult human stem cells 111

Adipose tissue as a source of stem cells 111

Intravenous infusion of adipose tissue derived MSCs 112

iPSCs derived from adult human adipose stem cells 112

Regulation of adipose stem cells differentiation 112

Transforming adult adipose stem cells into other cells 113

Multipotent stem-like cells derived from vascular endothelial cells 113

Skin as a source of stem cells 113

Controlling the maturation of embryonic skin stem cells 113

Epidermal neural crest stem cells 114

Follicle stem cells 114

Mesenchymal stem cells in skin 115

Regulation of stem cells in hair follicles 115

Skin-derived precursor cells 115

Stem cells in teeth 116

Peripheral blood stem cells 116

Spleen as a source of adult stem cells 117

Search for master stem cells 117

Vascular cell platform to self-renew adult HSC 117

Adult stem cells vs embryonic stem cells 118

Biological differences between adult and embryonic stem cells 118

Neural crest stem cells from adult hair follicles 118

Transdifferentiation potential of adult stem cells 119

Limitations of adult stem cells 120

Comparison of human stem cells according to derivation 120

VENT cells 121

Stem cell banking 121

Stem cell technologies 122

Analysis of stem cell growth and differentiation 122

Tracking self-renewal and expansion of transplanted muscle stem cells 122

Stem cell biomarkers 122

Endoglin as a functional biomarker of HSCs 123

STEMPRO? EZChek? for analysis of biomarkers of hESCs 123

SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSCs 123

p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cells 123

Neural stem cell biomarker 124

Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cells 124

Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarkers 124

Study of stem cell pathways 125

Study of stem cell genes 125

Gene inactivation to study hESCs 125

RNAi to study gene inactivation in hESCs 126

Study of ESC development by inducible RNAi 126

Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes 127

Homologous recombination of ESCs 127

Immortalization of hESCs by telomerase 127

Gene modification in genomes of hESCs and hiPSCs using zinc-finger nuclease 128

miRNA and stem cells 128

Role of miRNAs in gene regulation during stem cell differentiation 128

Influence of miRNA on stem cell formation and maintenance 129

Transcriptional regulators of ESCs control miRNA gene expression 129

Stem cells and cloning 130

Cell nuclear replacement and cloning 130

Nuclear transfer and ESCs 130

Cloning from differentiated cells 131

Cloning mice from adult stem cells 132

Creating interspecies stem cells 132

Cloned cells for transplantation medicine 133

Claims of cloning of hESCs 133

Cytogenetics of embryonic stem cells 134

Engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cells 135

Adipogenesis induced by adipose tissue-derived stem cells 136

Antisense approach for preservation and expansion of stem cells 136

Biomatrials for ESC growth 137

Chemoattraction of neuronal stem cells through GABA receptor 137

Enhancement of HSC engraftment by calcium-sensing receptor 137

Enhancement of stem cell differentiation by Homspera 138

Ex vivo expansion of human HSCs in culture 138

Ex vivo expansion of MSCs 139

Ex vivo expansion of UCB cells for transplantation 139

Expansion of HSCs in culture by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase 139

Expansion of adult stem cells by activation of Oct4 140

Expansion of transduced HSCs in vivo 140

Expansion of stem cells in vivo by Notch receptor ligands 140

Mobilization of HSCs by growth factors 140

Mobilization of stem cells by cytokines/chemokines 141

Mobilization of adult human HSCs by use of inhibitors 142

Mobilization of stem cells by HYC750 142

Mobilization of stem cells by hyperbaric oxygen 143

Mobilization by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors 143

Selective mobilization of progenitor cells from bone marrow 143

Selective Amplification 144

Stem cell mobilization by acetylcholine receptor agonists 144

Use of parathyroid hormone to increase HSC mobilzation 144

Technologies for inducing differentiation of stem cells 145

Use of lineage selection to induce differentiation of hESCs 145

Growth factor-induced differentiation of MAPCs 145

Neurotrophin-mediated survival and differentiation of hESCs 145

Generation of RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells 146

Generation of multiple types of WBCs from hESCs and iPSCs 146

Use of RNAi to expand the plasticity of autologous adult stem cells 146

Use of carbohydrate molecules to induce differentiation of stem cells 147

Mechanical strain to induce MSC differentiation 147

Limitations of the currently available stem cell lines in the US 147

Stem cell separation 148

Stem cell culture 148

Culture of hMSCs 149

Elimination of contaminating material in stem cell culture 149

Long-term maintenance of MSC multipotency in culture 150

Nanofiber scaffolds for stem cell culture 151

Conversion of stem cells to functioning adipocytes 151

Mass production of ESCs 152

Promoting survival of dissociated hESCs 152

Analysis and characterization of stem cells 152

Havesting and identification of EPCs 153

Labeling of stem cells 153

Labeling, imaging and tracking of stem cells in vivo 153

Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo 153

Project for imaging in stem cell therapy research 154

Quantum dots for labeling and imaging of stem cells 154

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for tracking MSCs 155

Applications of stem cells 155

Commercial development and applications of adult stem cells 156

Retrodifferentiation of stem cells 156

MultiStem 156

Controlling the maintenance process of hematopoietic stem cells 156

Self renewal and proliferation of HSCs 156

Aging and rejuvenation of HSCs 157

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation 157

Role of stem cells in regeneration 157

Promotion of regeneration by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling 158

Stem cells and human reproduction 158

Expansion of spermatogonial stem cells 158

Conversion of ESCs into spermatogonial stem cells 159

Conversion of stem cells to oocytes 159

ESCs for treatment of infertility in women 160

Cloning human embryos from oocytes matured in the laboratory 160

In utero stem cell transplantation 161

Innovations in delivery of stem cells 161

Polymeric capsules for stem cell delivery 162

Immunological aspects of hESC transplantation 162

Immunosuppression to prevent rejection of hESC transplants 162

Histocompatibility of hESCs 163

Strategies for promoting immune tolerance of hESCs 163

Stem cells for organ vascularization 164

Activation of EphB4 to enhance angiogenesis by EPCs 164

Advantages and limitations of clinical applications of MSCs 165

Biofusion by genetically engineering stem cells 165

Stem cell gene therapy 165

Combination of gene therapy with nuclear transfer 166

Gene delivery to stem cells by artificial chromosome expression 166

Genetic manipulation of ESCs 166

Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhancing angiogenesis 167

HSCs for gene therapy 167

Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for gene transfer in ESCs 168

Lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer to stem cells 168

Linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer technology 168

Mesenchymal stem cells for gene therapy 169

Microporation for transfection of MSCs 169

Regulation of gene expression for SC-based gene therapy 169

Stem cells and in utero gene therapy 170

Therapeutic applications for hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer 170

The future of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy 170

Stem cell pharmaceutics 170

Cardiomyocytes derived from hESCs 171

ESCs as source of models for drug discovery 171

hESC-derived hepatocytes for drug discovery 172

Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cells 173

Role of stem cells in therapeutic effects of drugs 174

Stem cells for drug discovery 175

Stem cells for drug delivery 176

Stem cell activation for regeneration by using glucocortoids 176

Toxicology and drug safety studies using ESCs versus other cells 176

Future challenges for stem cell technologies 178

Study of the molecular mechanism of cell differentiation 178

MBD3-deficient ESC line 179

In vivo study of human hemopoietic stem cells 179

Stem cell biology and cancer 179

Research into plasticity of stem cells from adults 180

Stem cells and aging 180

Activation of bone marrow stem cells into therapeutic cells 181

Role of nitric oxide in stem cell mobilization and differentiation 182

Stem cell genes 182

Gene expression in hESCs 182

The casanova gene in zebrafish 183

Nanog gene 183

Stem cell proteomics 184

hESC phosphoproteome 185

Proteomic studies of mesenchymal stem cells 185

Proteomic profiling of neural stem cells 186

Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative 186

Genomic alterations in cultured hESCs 186

Hybrid embryos/cybrids for stem cell research 187

Generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells 187

Markers for characterizing hESC lines 188

Switch of stem-cell function from activators to repressors 189

Stem cell research at academic centers 189

International Regulome Consortium 190

Companies involved in stem cell technologies 191

Concluding remarks about stem cells 195

Challenges and future prospects of stem cell research 196

4. Clinical Applications of Cell Therapy 199

Introduction 199

Cell therapy for hematological disorders 199

Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells 199

Hemophilias 199

Ex vivo cell/gene therapy of hemophilia B 199

Cell/gene therapy of hemophilia A 200

Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for thrombocytopenia 201

Stem cell transplant for sickle cell anemia 201

Treatment of chronic acquired anemias 202

Implantation of genetically engineered HSCs to deliver rhEpo 202

Drugs acting on stem cells for treatment of anemia 202

Stem cell therapy of hemoglobinopathies 203

Stem cells for treatment of immunoglobulin-light chain amyloidosis 203

Future prospects of cell therapy of hematological disorders 203

Cell therapy for immunological disorders 204

Role of dendritic cells in the immune system 204

Modifying immune responses of DCs by vaccination with lipiodol-siRNA mixtures 204

Potential of MSCs as therapy for immune-mediated diseases 205

Stem cell therapy of chronic granulomatous disease 205

Stem cell therapy of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency 206

Stem cell therapy of autoimmune disorders 206

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with stem cells 206

Treatment of Crohn's disease with stem cells 207

Stem cell transplants for scleroderma 207

Role of T Cells in immunological disorders 208

Autologous T cells from adult stem cells 208

Cell therapy for graft vs host disease 209

MSCs for GVHD 210

Cell therapy for viral infections 210

T-cell therapy for CMV 210

T-cell therapy for HIV infection 211

T-cell immunity by Overlapping Peptide-pulsed Autologous Cells 211

Anti-HIV ribozyme delivered in hematopoietic progenitor cells 212

Dendritic-cell targeted DNA vaccine for HIV 212

Cell therapy of lysosomal storage diseases 212

Niemann-Pick disease 213

Gaucher's disease 213

Fabry's disease 214

Cell therapy for diabetes mellitus 214

Limitations of current treatment 215

Limitations of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus 215

Limitations of pancreatic transplantation 215

Islet cell transplantation 216

Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation in chronic pancreatitis 216

Clinical trials of pancreatic islet cell transplants for diabetes 216

Drawbacks of islet cell therapy 217

Use of an antioxidant peptide to improve islet cell transplantation 217

Cdk-6 and cyclin D1 enhance human beta cell replication and function 218

A device for delivery of therapeutic cells in diabetes 218

Monitoring of islet cell transplants with MRI 218

Concluding remarks about allogeneic islet transplantation for diabetes 219

Encapsulation of insulin producing cells 219

Encapsulated porcine pancreatic islet cells for pancreas 219

Encapsulated insulinoma cells 220

Magnetocapsule enables imaging/tracking of islet cell transplants 220

Islet precursor cells 221

Dedifferentiation of ? cells to promote regeneration 221

Pharmacological approaches for ? cell regeneration 222

Xenotransplantation of embryonic pancreatic tissue 222

Non-pancreatic tissues for generation of insulin-producing cells 223

Exploiting maternal microchimerism to treat diabetes in the child 223

Bio-artificial substitutes for pancreas 223

Role of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes 224

Embryonic stem cells for diabetes 224

HSC transplantation to supplement immunosuppressant therapy 225

Human neural progenitor cells converted into insulin-producing cells 225

Insulin-producing cells derived from UCB stem cells 226

iPS cells for diabetes 226

Isolation of islet progenitor cells 226

Pancreatic progenitor cells Expansion in vitro 227

Pancreatic stem cells 227

Stem cell injection into portal vein of diabetic patients 227

Dendritic cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes 228

Vaccine for diabetes 228

Gene therapy in diabetes 228

Viral vectors for gene therapy of diabetes 229

Genetically engineered dendritic cells 229

Genetically altered liver cells 229

Genetically modified stem cells 230

Companies developing cell therapy for diabetes 230

Concluding remarks about cell and gene therapy of diabetes 231

Cell therapy of gastrointestinal disorders 232

Inflammatory bowel disease 232

Cell therapy for liver disorders 233

Types of cells and methods of delivery for hepatic disorders 233

Bioartificial liver 234

Limitations of bioartificial liver 235

Stem cells for hepatic disorders 235

Deriving hepatocytes from commercially available hMSCs 236

Implantation of hepatic cells derived from hMSCs of adipose tissue 236

MSC derived molecules for reversing hepatic failure 236

Cell-based gene therapy for liver disorders 237

Transplantation of genetically modified fibroblasts 237

Transplantation of genetically modified hepatocytes 237

Intraperitoneal hepatocyte transplantation 238

Genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells 238

Use of iPSCs derived from somatic cells for liver regeneration 238

Clinical applications 238

Future prospects of cell-based therapy of hepatic disorders 239

Cell therapy of renal disorders 239

Bioartificial kidney 240

Cell-based repair for vascular access failure in renal disease 240

Mesangial cell therapy for glomerular disease 240

Stem cells for renal disease 241

Role of stem cells in renal repair 241

Bone marrow stem cells for renal disease 241

MSC therapy for renal disease 242

Cell therapy for pulmonary disorders 242

Delivery of cell therapy for pumonary disorders 242

Intratracheal injection of cells for pulmonary hypoplasia 242

Role of stem cells in pulmonary disorders 243

Lung stem cells 243

Lung tissue regeneration from stem cells 243

Role of stem cells in construction of the Cyberlung 244

Respiratory epithelial cells derived from UCB stem cells 244

Respiratory epithelial cells derived from hESCs 244

Lung tissue engineering with adipose stromal cells 245

Cell-based tissue-engineering of airway 245

Pulmonary disorders that can be treatable with stem cells 245

Acute lung injury and ARDS treated with MSCs 246

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia treated with MSCs 247

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with MSCs 247

Cystic fibrosis treatment with genetically engineered MSCs 247

Lung regeneration by integrin ?6?4-expressing alveolar epithelial cell 248

Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment with EPCs 248

Cell therapy for disorders of bones and joints 249

Repair of fractures and bone defects 249

Adult stem cells for bone grafting 250

Cell therapy for osteonecrosis 250

Cell therapy for cervical vertebral interbody fusion 250

ESCs for bone repair 251

Intrauterine use of MSCs for osteogenesis imperfecta 251

In vivo bone engineering as an alternative to cell transplantation 251

MSCs for repair of bone defects 251

MSCs for repair of bone fractures 254

Osteocel 255

Stem cells for repairing skull defects 255

Stem cell-based bone tissue engineering 255

Spinal fusion using stem cell-based bone grafts 256

Osteoarthritis and other injuries to the joints 257

Mosaicplasty 257

Autologous cultured chondrocytes 257

Autologous intervertebral disc chondrocyte transplantation 258

Cartilage repair by genetically modified fibroblasts expressing TGF-? 259

Generation of cartilage from stem cells 260

Role of cell therapy in repair of knee cartilage injuries 261

Role of cells in the repair of anterior cruciate ligament injury 263

Autologous tenocyte implantation in rotator cuff injury repair 263

Platelet injection for tennis elbow 264

Cell therapy of rheumatoid arthritis 264

Cell therapy for diseases of the eye 265

Cell therapy for corneal repair 265

Stem cell therapy for limbal stem cell deficiency 266

Role of stem cells in fibrosis following eye injury 267

Stem cell transplantation for radiation sickness 267

MSCs for treatment of radiation damage to the bone 267

MSCs for regeneration of ovaries following radiotherapy damage 268

Cell therapy for regeneration 268

Stem cells for regenerating organs 268

Umbilical cord blood for regeneration 269

Role of stem cells in regeneration of esophageal epithelium 269

Cell therapy for regeneration of muscle wasting 269

Wound healing: skin and soft tissue repair 270

Cells to form skin substitutes for healing ulcers 271

CellSpray for wound repair 271

Cell therapy for burns 272

Closure of incisions with laser guns and cells 273

Follicular stem cells for skin and wound repair 273

Reprogramming autologous stem cells for wound regeneration 274

Role of amniotic fluid MSCs in repair of fetal wounds 274

Genetically engineered keratinocytes for wound repair 274

MSCs for wound healing 275

Regeneration of aging skin by adipose-derived stem cells 275

Repair of aging skin by injecting autologous fibroblasts 275

Role of cells in tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery 275

Stem cells for tissue repair 275

Scaffolds for tissue engineering 276

Improving vascularization of engineered tissues 276

Enhancing vascularization by combining cell and gene therapy 277

Choosing cells for tissue engineering 277

ESCs vs adult SCs for tissue engineering 277

Use of adult MSCs for tissue engineering 278

Nanobiotechnology applied to cells for tissue engineering 279

Stem cells for tissue engineering of various organs 279

Engineering of healthy living teeth from stem cells 279

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells for breast reconstruction 280

Improving tissue engineering of bone by MSCs 281

Intra-uterine repair of congenital defects using amniotic fluid MSCs 281

Cell-based tissue engineering in genitourinary system 282

Urinary incontinence 282

Tissue engineering of urinary bladder 283

Label retaining urothelial cells for bladder repair 283

MSCs for bladder repair 284

Tissue-engineering of urethra using autologous cells 284

Repair of the pelvic floor with stem cells from the uterus 284

Reconstruction of vagina from stem cells 285

Facial skin regeneration by stem cells as an alternative to face transplant 285

Reconstruction of cartilage for repair of craniofacial defects 285

Cell therapy for rejuvenation 286

Cell therapy for performance enhancement in sports 286

Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine 286

Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries 286

Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs 287

5. Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorders 289

Introduction to cardiovascular disorders 289

Limitations of current therapies for myocardial ischemic disease 289

Types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders 289

Cell-mediated immune modulation for chronic heart disease 290

Human cardiovascular progenitor cells 291

Inducing the proliferation of cardiomyocytes 291

Role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis in stem cell therapies for myocardial ischemia 292

Role of splenic myocytes in repair of the injured heart 292

Reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes 292

Small molecules to enhance myocardial repair by stem cells 293

Cell therapy for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease 293

MyoCell™ (Bioheart) 294

Cardiac stem cells 294

Cardiomyocytes derived from epicardium 295

Methods of delivery of cells to the heart 295

Cellular cardiomyoplasty 296

IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for MI 296

Non-invasive delivery of cells to the heart by Morph®guide catheter 296

Cell therapy for cardiac revascularization 296

Transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells for revascularization of myocardium 296

Stem cells to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty 297

Role of cells in cardiac tissue repair 298

Modulation of cardiac macrophages for repair of infarct 298

Transplantation of myoblasts for myocardial infarction 298

Patching myocardial infarction with fibroblast culture 299

Cardiac repair with myoendothelial cells from skeletal muscle 299

Myocardial tissue engineering 299

Role of stem cells in repair of the heart 300

Role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration following injury 300

Cardiomyocytes derived from adult skin cells 301

Cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs 301

Studies to identify subsets of progenitor cells suitable for cardiac repair 302

Technologies for preparation of stem cells for cardiovascular therapy 303

Pravastatin for expansion of endogenous progenitor and stem cells 303

Cytokine preconditioning of human fetal liver CD133+ SCs 303

Expansion of adult cardiac stem cells for transplantation 304

Role of MSCs in growth of CSCs 304

Role of ESCs in repair of the heart 304

ESC transplantation for tumor-free repair of the heart 305

Transplantation of stem cells for myocardial infarction 306

Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapeutics 306

Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor stem cells 306

Transplantation of cord blood stem cells 306

Transplantation of hESCs 307

Transplantation of HSCs 307

Transplantation of autologous angiogenic cell precursors 308

Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells 308

Transplantation of bone marrow-derived cells for myocardial infarct 309

Intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells 310

Transplantation of endothelial cells 310

Transplantation of cardiomyocytes differentiated from hESCs 311

Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration 311

Regeneration of the chronic myocardial infarcts by HSC therapy 311

Human mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration 312

In vivo tracking of MSCs transplanted in the heart 313

MSCs for hibernating myocardium 313

Simultaneous transplantation of MSCs and skeletal myoblasts 313

Transplantation of genetically modified cells 314

Transplantation of genetically modified MSCs 314

Transplantation of cells secreting vascular endothelial growth factor 314

Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow stem cells 314

Cell transplantation for congestive heart failure 314

AngioCell gene therapy for congestive heart failure 315

Injection of adult stem cells for CHF 316

Intracoronary infusion of cardiac stem cells 316

Myoblasts for treatment of congestive heart failure 316

Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiac myopathy 317

Role of cell therapy in cardiac arrhythmias 317

Atrioventricular conduction block 318

Genetically engineered cells as biological pacemakers 318

Ventricular tachycardia 319

Prevention of myoblast-induced arrhythmias by genetic engineering 319

ESCs for correction of congenital heart defects 320

Cardiac progenitors cells for treatment of heart disease 320

Autologus stem cells for chronic myocardial ischemia 321

Role of cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering 321

Construction of blood vessels with cells 321

Engineered arteries for bypass grafts 322

Fetal cardiomyocytes seeding in tissue-engineered cardiac grafts 322

Targeted delivery of endothelial progenitor cells labeled with nanoparticles 322

UCB progenitor cells for engineering heart valves 322

Cell therapy for peripheral vascular disease 323

ALD-301 323

Cell/gene therapy for PVD 323

Cell therapy for CLI

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